Lecture 1 Background and history

Question 1

Prepare for staining

Answer 1

Paraffin removed from section using xylene
xylene removed using graded series alcohol down to water
Stains applied, section dehydrated through graded series of alcohols

Question 2

Fixing

Answer 2

Prevents further deterioration, destorts specimen

Formalin

Question 3

Hooke

Answer 3

Introduced the term cell

Question 4

Basic dyes

Answer 4

Basophilic stains-Can stain RNA
Methyl green
Methylene blue
Pyronene G
Toluidine blue

Question 5

Discovery that all living organisms are cells

Answer 5

Schwann and schleiden

Question 6

Hematoxylin

Answer 6

Stains nuclear features, some cytoplasmic components

Question 7

Orcein/resorcin fuchsin

Answer 7

Reveal elastic material

Question 8

Bichat

Answer 8

Father of histology
Discovered 21 membranes w/o microscope
Saw life as divided into two parts- organic/animal

Question 9

Leeuwenhoek

Answer 9

Made over 247 simple microscopes 100x magnification

Question 10

Dehydrating

Answer 10

Remove water so sample can be embedded with hydrophobic paraffin
-uses ethanol

Question 11

Confocal microscope

Answer 11

3d images, laser beam, monitor

Very thin images

Question 12

Bouins fluid

Answer 12

Good cytological detail

Question 13

Sudans

Answer 13

Stains lipids, can’t utilize alcohol for dehydration

Question 14

Phase contrast

Answer 14

Examines living cells

Must be unstained

Question 15

Schleiden

Answer 15

Botonist, recognized cell is essential unit of living organism

Question 16

Pros/cons of compound

Answer 16

Ability to magnify, resolve structural detail
Specimen must be thin
Little contrast in unstained specimen

Question 17

Embedding

Answer 17

Tissue is moved sequentially through 3 melted paraffin baths

Question 18

Acid dyes

Answer 18

Aniline blue
Eosine
Orange G

Question 19

Clearing

Answer 19

Replace alcohol with xylene or cedar oil

Question 20

Zenkers fluid

Answer 20

Sharp histological detail, black crystals

Question 21

Steps for staining

Answer 21

Fixing, dehydration, removal of alcohol, embedding

Question 22

Carnoys fluid

Answer 22

Preserve glycogen

Question 23

Best carmine

Answer 23

Demonstrates glycogen depists

Question 24

Perls reaction

Answer 24

Demonstrate presence of iron

Question 25

Silver impregnation

Answer 25

shows reticular fibers/basement membrane

Question 26

Virchow

Answer 26

Pioneered concept of pathological processes through application of cell theory Realized that all cells coming from existing cells could give insight into pathological processes

Question 27

TEM staining

Answer 27

Uses ions of heavy metals

Question 28

Eosin

Answer 28

Stains most cytoplasmic components and extracellular material

Question 29

Metachromasia

Answer 29

Phenomenon whereby a dye changes colors after reacting with tissue component -i.e. Toluidine blue when staining cartilage or mast cell granules

Question 30

Fluorescence microscope

Answer 30

Detects fluorescence

Question 31

Schwann

Answer 31

Zoologist, compared animal to plant cells

Question 32

Jannsens

Answer 32

Produced first compound microscope

Question 33

Kolliker

Answer 33

Embryology, wrote first textbook on it

Question 34

Schiff reagent reactions

Answer 34

PAS- stains glucose/carbs | Fuelgen-stains deoxyribose

Question 35

H&E

Answer 35

Most common stain, display structural features