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Histology > Lecture 18: Immune lymphatic systems > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Immune lymphatic systems Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity

A

Lacks immune specificity and memory
Respons=inflammation
Neutrophils are first responders

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2
Q

Aquired immunity

A

Develops in response to antigens
More powerful than innate
Takes longer to develop
Displays specificity and memory

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3
Q

Passive immunity

A

Temporary immunity due to donated antibodies (i.e., transplacental passing of maternal antibodies to fetus)

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4
Q

Active immunity

A

Long lasting/permanent immunity due to self exposure to antigen resulting in memory T cells and B cells specific for antigen

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5
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Thymus and bone marrow

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6
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

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7
Q

Primary lymph follicle

A

Spherical, tightly packed accumulations of virgin B cells and dendritic reticular cells that have not been exposed to antigens

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8
Q

Secondary lymph follicle

A

Are derived from primary follicles that have been exposed to nonself antigens
Are not present at birth
Contain cortex and germinal center

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9
Q

All immune system cells originate in

A

Bone marrow

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10
Q

IgA

A

Found in saliva, milk, GU and respiratory tracts

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11
Q

IgD

A

Found on surface of B cells traveling to lymphoid organs

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12
Q

IgG

A

Major Ig in blood

Responsible for most antibody activity

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13
Q

IgE

A

Associated with allergic responses

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14
Q

IgM

A

First antibody class expressed by developing B cells

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15
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene products function

A

Main function of MHC gene products is the presentation of antigenic peptides to T cells

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16
Q

MHC I

A

Expressed on the surface of all cells except trophoblast and RBC

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17
Q

MHC II

A

Expressed on the surface of B cells and antigen-presenting cells

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18
Q

CD8+ T cells

A

Bind to antigen presenting cell- MHC I molecules

Release perforins and fas ligand

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19
Q

CD4+ cells

A

Recognize antigens bound to MHC II molecules
Helper cells- Assist CD8+ T cell differentiation
Assist B cell differentiation

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20
Q

CD16+ T cells

A

Natural killer T cell

Activated by tumor cell antigens and release cytokines

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21
Q

Complement system definition

A

Array of about 20 serum proteins which are synthesized in the liver and found in the blood

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22
Q

Classic pathway activation

A

Antibody binding to a pathogen

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23
Q

Alternate pathway activation

A

Directly activated by pathogen

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24
Q

First steps in compliment cascade

A

Immunoglobulins bind to surface of pathogen
C1q binds to Fc region of Ig
Activates C1r
Activates C1s

25
Most important opsonin
C3b
26
C1s sequences
C1s-->C4-->C4a + C4b C1s-->C2-->C2a + C2b C2b binds C4b--> C4b-C2b complex
27
C6, C7, C8, C9 added to complex to form
Pores in the membrane of the pathogen
28
Complement cascade leads to
Activation of membrane attack complex (MAC) on the pathogen leading to perforation and lysis Production of opsonins, which are coatings that make the antigen more palatable to phagocytes Release of chemotactic agents which attract phagocytes to the areas of infection/inflammation
29
Parenchyma consists of
Cells that typically pack areas of the lymphoid organ | -mostly lymphocytes
30
Stroma consists of
Mostly of reticular fibers and cells, including undifferentiated cells and fixed and free macrophages
31
Lymph node hilus
Entry and exit point for vessels
32
Lymph node capsule
Dense collagen fibers, some elastic fibers and smooth muscle fibers
33
Lymph node outer cortex
Contains lymph follicles
34
Lymph follicles contain
B cells Follicular dendritic cells Migrating dendritic cells
35
Secondary lymph follicles contain
Mantle, germinal center | --Primary lymph follicles lack these
36
Lymph node inner cortex
Contains Helper T cells, macrophages | High endothelial venules (HEVs)
37
HEVs are
Port of entry for circulating differentiated lymphocytes to seed node
38
Lymph node medulla
Irregular arrangement of loose medullary sinuses and dense medullary cords Site of lymphocyte reentry into lymph stream Thymic-dependent areas in subcortical and deeper medullary regions
39
Medullary sinuses are lined with
Macrophages
40
Medullary cords consist of
Blood vessels, lymphoblasts and plasma cells
41
Thymus capsule contains
Blood vessels Efferent lymphatics NO afferent lymphatics, therefore, lymph does not circulate through thymus Extends trabeculae into parenchyma
42
Trabeculae of thymus
Delicate CT | Divide thymus into incomplete lobules
43
Thymus lobule cortex
Stains darkly Containes epithelial reticular cells and T cells Thymocytes migrate from cortical areas to medullary areas Blood vessels surrounded by continuous epithelial barrier
44
Thymus lobule medulla
Light staining Specialized to allow entry channel into blood stream of mature lymphocytes Capillary beds NOT sheathed by epithelial cells Contain Hassals corpuscles
45
Hassals corpuscles
Whorls of highly keratinized medullary epithelial cells Produce cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin --Stimulates thymic dendritic cells needed for the maturation of single positive T cells
46
Double negative T cells
Lack cell surface molecules typical of mature T cells Enter cortex from blood vessels Proliferate in subcapsular area
47
Double negative T cells migrate
To outer cortex Confronted by cells with cell surface MHC I and II Express both CD4 and CD8 receptors and TCR receptors
48
Single positive T cells migrate
To inner cortex | Express TCR receptors and either CD4 or CD8 co-receptors
49
Blood thymic barrier
Located in thymic cortex Prevents antigens in the blood from reaching developing T cells in thymic cortex Leaky during fetal life to develop tolerance
50
Spleen characteristics
``` No lymph sinuses No afferent lymph vessels Covered by peritoneum except at hilus Blood vessels enter and leave at hilus Divided into red/white pulp ```
51
Spleen blood filtering functions
``` Only lymphatic organ specialized to filter blood Stores and removes worn-out RBCs Recycles iron Converts hemoglobin to bilirubin Blood formation in the fetus ```
52
Spleen immunologic functions
Screen foreign material in blood Produces lymphocytes and plasma cells Removal leads to overwhelming bacterial infections in infants, children and young adults
53
White pulp
Always associated with arteries Zones of diffuse lymphoid tissue and germinal centers Site of clonal expansion of antigen stimulated lymphocyte B cell area contains secondary follicles in which central arteriole is off center
54
T cells found where in white pulp
In the areas surrounding the central artery near the center of white pulp Forms periarterial lymphatic sheath
55
Marginal zone
Forms sinusoidal interface between red/white pulp Has abundance of antigen-presenting cells Lymphocytes first encounter antigens here Activated Helper T-cells activate B-cells here
56
Red pulp
Surrounds white pulp and makes up 80% of spleen Functions to filter blood Contains large number of RBCs
57
Billroth cords
Form red pulp parenchyma Contain various cells Terminal capillaries open directly into substance of cords Macrophages destroy worn-out or defective RBCs
58
Venous sinusoids
Endothelial-lined sinusoids with a discontinuous basement membrane Storage sites for healthy RBCs
59
Sequence of flow of red blood cells through spleen
``` Splenic artery Trabecular arteries Central arteries Penicillus Venous sinuses ```

Histology (24 decks)

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