Lecture #1 - Exam1

Question 1

What was Needham’s explanation for the appearance of microbes in his experiment?

From Class

Answer 1

Microbes arise spontenously from non-living matter

supporter of aristotle

Question 2

The tails of the phospholipids of the plasma membra are composed of ________ and are _________?

From Class

Answer 2

The tails of the phospholipids of the plasma membra are composed of **FATTY ACIDS **and are HYDROPHOBIC.

Question 3

The nucleotide bases of the two complementary DNA chains are held togehter in the middle of the molecule by ________ bonds.

From Class

Answer 3

The nucleotide bases of the two complementary DNA chains are held togehter in the middle of the molecule by hydrogen bonds.

Question 4

Scientific Method Steps (4)

Answer 4

• observation
• question
• hypothesis
• experiments

Question 5

bacteria characteristics (5)

class notes

Answer 5

• PROKARYOTES
• found everywhere
• unicellular
• no nucleus
• peptidoglycan cell walls

Question 6

archaea characteristics (5)

Answer 6

• • PROKARYOTES
• known as ancient bacteria
• • unicellular
• no nucleus
• can live in extreme enviornment

Question 7

fungi characteristics (4)

Answer 7

• *Eukaryotes
• contain chitin walls
• multicellular & unicellular groups
• 2 Types (molds & yeast)

Question 8

molds are _____ (2)

Answer 8

• multicellular hyphae or mycelium
• reproduce by sexual and asexual spores

Question 9

yeasts are ____ (2)

Answer 9

• unicellular
• reproduce sexually & asexually

Question 10

protoza characteristics (5)

Answer 10

**EUKARYOTES
* unicellular
* free-living
* locomotion
* 4 types - flagellates, sporozoan, amoebae, ciliates

Question 11

Algea characteristics (3)

Answer 11

• *EUKARYOTES
• photosynthetic
• unicellular or multicellular

Question 12

MICROBES CLASSIFICATIONS (5)

Answer 12

1. bacteria
2. archaea
3. fungi
4. protozoa
5. algae

Question 13

The individual who first observed and documented microorganisms.& How

Answer 13

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek - tested water he drank

Question 14

**

Aristotle’s belief about the origin of life was based on his observations.

Answer 14

he believed in spontenous generation due to leaving food in a container & flies showing up

Question 15

Francisco Redi’s experiment challenged Aristotle’s hypothesis.

Answer 15

he closed the lid on the the jar = no more flies or maggots

Question 16

Needham’s experiment

Answer 16

Boiled gravy & then sealed it —> then saw cloudy = saw microorganisms
(Believed he boiled it enough to kill)

Question 17

Spallanzani’s experiment

Answer 17

Boiled infusions and sealed the vials. Remained clear until the seal was opened.

Question 18

Pasteur’s contribution to understanding spontaneous generation.

Answer 18

showed that microbes come from outside forces by adding air to flask while infused w heat

Question 19

Statements consistent with Pasteur’s findings.(4)

Answer 19

Microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter, such as air, liquids, and solids.

DIsproved spontenous generation.

microorganisms exist

germ theory

Question 20

How Louis Pasteur discovered the role of fungi in fermenting grape juice.

Answer 20

Took his original experiment further

Juice in flasks were added bacteria into them & sealed —> bacteria reproduce. Acids produce

Juice in flask is added with yeast & sealed —> yeast reproduce & alcohol is produced ( fermentation)

Question 21

Eduard Buchner’s discovery revolutionized wine production.

Answer 21

use of enzynmes to filter

Question 22

The accidental discovery of ampicillin and its original research intent.

Answer 22

Alexander fleming - forgot to put away a petri dish – foudn the grown mold to be pushing out bacteria

Question 23

The first microorganisms were observed under a microscope.

Answer 23

in a drop of water

Question 24

Who built the first simple microscope?

Answer 24

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 25

Koch's Postulation steps. (4)

Answer 25

1) find infection 2) 2) grab a sample & grow on petridish. 3) test each colony on susceptible hostss. 4) analyze the efftcs of the disease

Question 26

Notable early microbiologists who supported spontaneous generation. 

Answer 26

John Needham

Question 27

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek's contribution

Answer 27

discovered microorganism

Question 28

Who first used Petri dishes? 

Answer 28

Julius Richard Petri

Question 29

The role of theories in science. 

Answer 29

strong predictor power

Question 30

Seeing faces in inanimate objects as an example. 

Answer 30

evolutionary bias

Question 31

Differences between bacteria and archaea from other unicellular microorganisms. 

Answer 31

no nucleus

Question 32

Matching prokaryotes and eukaryotes to organisms.  -types -size

Answer 32

prokaryotes: 1. -bacteria or archea 2. small eukaryotes: 1. -protists, plants, animals, fungi 2. big BOTH have DNA ribosomes cytoplasm cell membrane some cell walls

Question 33

Adaptations developed by bacteria as a defense mechanism against viral infection. 

Answer 33

incorporates a part of the virus' DNA into itself to repel

Question 34

Modes of locomotion used by eukaryotic cells. (3)

Answer 34

* pseudopods (fake foot to move) * cilia (inside the cell) * flagella(outside of the cell-looks like a hair).

Question 35

Habitats where archaea are likely to be found. 

Answer 35

EXTREME ENVIORMENTS

Question 36

Bacteriophages

Answer 36

a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea.

Question 37

arrangment of bacteria flagella (4)

Answer 37

* monotrichous (having one flagellum) * amphitrichous (single flagellum at both ends) * lophotrichous (numerous flagella as a tuft) * and peritrichous (flagella distributed all over the cell except at the poles)

Question 38

4 types of Protozoa

Answer 38

flagellates sporozoan amoebae ciliates

Question 39

Spallanzani’/ conclusions

Answer 39

- needham failed to heat his vials enough or not sealed right -microorganisms exist in the air & can contaminate - spontaneous generation doesn’t occur. All living things arise from other living things

Question 40

Pasteur’s experiment

Answer 40

Boiled infusion, Used a swan necked flask to let in air —> no microbes. Cut off and he neck —> microbes reappeared

Question 41

History process of spontaneous generations

Answer 41

1) Aristotle 2) Francesco Redi (against) 3) Needham (for) 4) spallanzi (against) 5) Pasteur (against) —- Final

Question 42

prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have (5)

Answer 42

BOTH have 1. DNA 2. ribosomes 3. cytoplasm 4. cell membrane 5. some cell walls

Question 43

Select all that are prokaryotes: Bacteria, protozoa, Algae, Mold, Methanogens, Fungi, archaea

Answer 43

bacteria, mathanogens, archea

Question 44

membrane bound organnels

Answer 44

nucleus mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum vacuoles Golgi apparatus.