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Anatomy And Physiology > Lecture 1 - Nervous System Structure > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Nervous System Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

4 types of receptors:

A

Thermoreceptors,
Mechanoreceptors,
Photoreceptors,
Chemoreceptors

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2
Q

3 Functions of Nervous System

A

Monitors internal/external environments,
Integrates sensory information, Coordinates voluntary/involuntary responses

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3
Q

What are Neuroglia?

A

Neuroglia - support framework for nerve cells (neurons).

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4
Q

3 CNS Functions

A

Integrates sensory data,
Transmission of motor commands,
Coordinates higher function

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5
Q

Parts of CNS

A

Brain + Spinal Cord

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6
Q

Parts of PNS

A

Neural Tissue outside of CNS

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7
Q

2 Functions of PNS

A

Deliver sensory info to CNS,
Carry motor commands to periphery tissue

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8
Q

Main difference between CNS/PNS Functions

A

No integration of sensory data in PNS

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9
Q

Difference between Afferent/Efferent

A

Afferent = carries info from sensory receptors
Efferent = carries info to motor receptors

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10
Q

Divisions of PNS

A

Somatic/Autonomic Nervous Systems

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11
Q

Function of Somatic NS

A

Coordinates conscious activity
E.g. skeletal muscle contraction

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12
Q

Function of Autonomic NS

A

Coordinates unconscious activity
E.g. heart rate, blood pressure

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13
Q

Divisions of Autonomic NS

A

Parasympathetic/Sympathetic Divisions

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14
Q

Function of Parasympathetic Division

A

Rest and Digest

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15
Q

Function of Sympathetic Division

A

Fight and Flight and Freeze responses

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16
Q

4 types of neurons

A

Anaxonic,
Bipolar,
Unipolar,
Multipolar

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17
Q

Anaxonic Neurons (3 points)

A

Found in Brain/special sense organs,
Very small,
No anatomical difference between dendrites and axon

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18
Q

Bipolar Neurons (3 points)

A

1 dendrite and 1 axon with cell body between them
Rare,
Found in special sense organs

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19
Q

Unipolar Neurons (2 points)

A

1 continuous axon with cell body lying off to the side,
Most sensory neurons are unipolar

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20
Q

Multipolar Neurons (4 points)

A

Multiple dendrites and 1 axon
Common in CNS
Contains myelin sheath
Motor neurons are multipolar

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21
Q

Parts of neuron

A

Dendrite
Axon
Cell body
Dendrite branches (sensitive to stimuli)
Axon terminals

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22
Q

Direction of action potential?

A

Down the axon

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23
Q

3 Spinal Cord Function

A

Integrates info
Controls spinal reflexes
Controls automatic motor responses

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24
Q

Number of Spinal cord segments

A

31

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25
Why is white matter myelinated?
Found in Afferent + Efferent Divisions, so needs to be quick transmission
26
Why is grey matter unmyelinated?
Found in inter neurons, so doesn’t need to be quick
27
Function of Dorsal Root Ganglia
Bundle of neurons relaying sensory info from Afferent pathway to CNS
28
Function of Ventral roots
Contain axons of motor neurons for info to be sent to efferent pathway
29
Routes for Afferent/Efferent pathways into spinal cord
Afferent = Dorsal route, Efferent = Ventral route
30
Components of White Matter in spinal cord
Myelinated/Unmyelinated axons
31
Components of Grey Matter in spinal cord
Cell bodies Neuroglia
32
2 sections of grey matter in spinal cord
Somatic + Visceral
33
Functions of Somatic/Visceral Grey Matter
Somatic = conscious info Visceral = unconscious info
34
4 regions of spinal cord
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral
35
Definition of dermatome
Specific region monitored by a pair of spinal nerves Responsible for nerve pain not originating from point of injury
36
5 Stages of Reflex Arc
Stimulus detection at receptors Activation of sensory neuron Info processed in CNS Activation of motor neuron Response by peripheral effector
37
Inhibition within Withdrawal Reflex Arc
Flexors stimulated whilst extensors inhibited to make reflex arc more effective
38
Function of Golgi Tendon Organs (3 points)
Senses tension in muscle contraction Has inhibitive afferent neuron Decreases contraction when excessive force is applied for protection
39
6 regions of the brain
Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon Mesencephalon Pons Medulla oblongata
40
4 Lobes of Cerebral Cortex
Frontal Temporal Occipital Parietal
41
Components/Function of Frontal Lobe
Pre central gyrus Premotor Cortex Prefrontal cortex Voluntary motor activity
42
Components/Function of Temporal Lobe
Auditory association area Auditory cortex Olfactory cortex Initial reception of auditory info
43
Components/Function of Occipital Lobe
Visual association area Visual cortex Initial reception of visual info
44
Components/Function of Parietal Lobe
Postcentral gyrus Somatic sensory association area Processing sensory info
45
Regions of Cerebellum (grey matter)
Cerebellar Cortex Cerebellar Nuclei
46
Regions of Cerebellum (white matter)
Arbor vitae Cerebellar peduncles Transverse fibers
47
3 Cerebellar Peduncles + Function
Superior - links to midbrain/diencephalon/cerebrum Middle - links to cerebellum/pons Inferior - links to medulla oblongata/spinal cord
48
Regions of Diencephalon (5 points)
Thalamus Epithalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pineal gland
49
Function of midbrain
Processing of audio and visual info
50
Regions of midbrain (4 points)
Tectum Walls + Floor Nuclei Cerebral Peduncles
51
Components/Functions of Tectum (2 points)
Superior colliculus - process info/initiate response for visual stimuli Inferior colliculus - process info/ initiate response for auditory stimuli
52
Components/Functions of Walls/Floor (3 points)
Substantia nigra - regulation of basal nuclei Red nucleus - subconscious control of upper limb position/background muscle tone Reticular formation - automatic processing of involuntary responses
53
Regions of Pons (5 points)
Descending/Ascending Tracts Transverse fibers Apneutic/Pneumotaxic centres Reticular formation Cranial Nerves
54
Function of Pons
Links cerebellum to mesencephalon, Diencephalon, cerebrum and spinal cord
55
Physical protection in the brain (3 points)
Cranium bones Cranial meninges Cerebrospinal fluid
56
Biochemical Isolation in the brain (2 points)
Blood brain barrier CNS isolation from circulatory system
57
Function of Cranial meninges
Protects the brain from cranial trauma
58
3 Layers of Cranial Meninges
Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater
59
Functions of Cerebrospinal fluid
Cushion, support, transport of nutrients and chemicals/waste products
60
Cerebrospinal fluid properties
Surrounds all exposed surfaces of CNS Interchanged with interstitial brain fluid CSF same density and brain fluid
61
12 Cranial Nerves
I - Olfactory - Sensory II - Optic - Sensory III - Occulomotor - Motor IV - Trochlear - Motor V - Trigeminal - Both VI - Abducens - Motor VII - Facial - Both VIII - Vestibulocochlear - Sensory IX - Glossopharyngeal - Both X - Vagus - Both XI - Accessory - Motor XII - Hypoglossal - Motor
62
Grooves in Spinal cord
Fissure > Sulcus

Anatomy And Physiology (10 decks)

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