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Microbio > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Microbial diseases of the Digestive System

A

Transmitted in food and water
Fecal oral cycle is one way of transmission
Fecal - oral can be broken by proper sewage disposal, disinfection of drinking water, proper food preparation and storage

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2
Q

Normal microbiota of digestive system

A

More than 300 species in the mouth
Large numbers in large intestine (coliforms) including Bacteroides
E. Coli
Enterobacter
Klebsiella
Lactobacillus (found in skin and dairy)
Proteus

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3
Q

Dental Caries

A

cavities
Dextran dissolves enamel , leaves a space where the bacteria streptococcus mutans grows and its wastes are seen as the dark markings of cavity

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4
Q

Mumps

A

Mumps virus
Enters through respiratory tract
Infects parotid salivary glands
It’s a childhood infection
Prevented with MMR vaccine

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5
Q

Bacterial disease of the lower digestive system

A

Symptoms usually include diarrhea, gastroenteritis, dysentery (bloody diarrhea)
Tx with fluid and electrolyte replacement before antibiotic
Incubation of virus can be 12hrs to 2 wk
Sometimes cause by ingestion of a toxin (food poisoning)

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6
Q

Staphylococcal Food Poisoning

A

The most common type of food poisoning
Staphylococcus ends up on food from hands
Room temperature storage causes growth of staphylococcus
Staphylococcus aureus entertoxin is a superantigen

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7
Q

Typhoid Fever

A

Caused by Salmonella enterica Typhi
Bacteria spread throughout body in phagocytes
1-3% recovered patients become carriers, harboring Salmonella in their gallbladder

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8
Q

Cholera

A

Vibrio cholerae serotypes that produce cholera toxin.
Secretes toxin in presence of other competing microbes
Toxin causes host cells to secrete Cl- , HCO- , water

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9
Q

Noncholera Vibrios

A

Usually from contaminated crustaceans or mollusks

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10
Q

Campylobacter Gastroenteritis

A

Usually transmitted in cow’s milk

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11
Q

Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis

A

Occurs as traveler’s diarrhea and epidemic diarrhea in nurseries
Enterohemorrhagic strains like E. Coli O157:H7 produce Shiga toxin, and are found in 50% of feedlot cattle
O = cell wall antigen
H = flagella antigen

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12
Q

Helicobacter Peptic ulcer disease

A

H. Pylori causes stomach cancer
It can be found in the saliva and is passed from person to person.

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13
Q

Yersinia Gastroenteritis

A

Y. Enterocolitica and Y. Pseduotuberculosis
Can reproduce at 4C (psychotroph)
Usually transmitted in meat and milk

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14
Q

Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis

A

This is why you must wash fruits and veggies before consumption
Grow in intestinal tract producing exotoxin

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15
Q

Rotavirus (viral gastroenteritis)

A

3 million cases annually
1-2day incubation, 1 week illness
Starts as sore throat and progresses down into the stomach and intestines

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16
Q

Norovirus

A

50% of US adults have antibodies
Most common virus in the US.
1-2 day incubation , 1-3 day illness
Treated with rehydration
“Stomach bug”

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17
Q

Mycotoxins

A

Produced by some fungi
Clavicles purpurea
Grows on grains, produces ergot (a toxin that restricts blood flow to limbs, causes hallucination

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18
Q

Aspergillus flavors

A

Grows on grains
Produces aflatoxin
Causes liver damage/ live cancer

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19
Q

Giardiasis (Protozoa)

A

Giardia lamblia
Trasmitted by contaminated water
“Hikers curse”
Diagnosed by microscopic examination of stool for ova and trophozoite
Treated with metronidazole

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20
Q

Cryptosporidiosis (Protozoa)

A

HAS MYCOLIC ACID ONLY EXCEPTION
Cryptosporidium parvum
Transmitted by oocysts in contaminated water
Diagnosed by acid-fast staining of stool or prescence of antibodies by FA or ELISA
Treated with oral rehydration

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21
Q

Cyclospora Diarrheal infection

A

Cyclospora cayetanensis
Transmitted by oocytes in contaminated water
Tx with trimehoprim and sulfamethoxazole

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22
Q

Amoebic Dysentery

A

Entamoeva histolytica
Amoeba feeds on RBCs and GI tract tissues
Diagnosis by observing trophozoites in feces
Treated with metronidazole

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23
Q

Hepatitis

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A

Inflammation of the liver
Hepatitis may result from drug or chemical toxicity, EB virus, CMV, or the Hepatitis virus

24
Q

Hepatitis A

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A

Transmission: Fecal-Oral
Caused by Picornaviridae
Does not cause chronic disease
Vaccine used is Inactivated

25
Hepatitis B
Transmission: Parenteral & STD Caused by Hepadnaviridae Causes chronic disease Vaccine used is recombinant
26
Hepatitis C
Transmission: Parenteral Caused by Filoviridae Chronic disease Vaccine used is DNA
27
Hepatitis D
Transmission: Parenteral, HBV coninfection Caused by deltaviridae Chronic disease Vaccine used is HBV vaccine
28
Hepatitis E
Similar to HAV Transmission: fecal-oral Caused by Caliciviridae No chronic disease No vaccine, mild symptoms
29
Tapeworms
Taenia species Transmitted by cysticerci in undercooked meat Cysticerci May develop in humans Diagnosed by observing proglottids and eggs in feces Tx with praziquantel RARE Neurocysticercosis may require surgery (tape worm grows into and along nerve and connects with brain)
30
Hydatid Disease
Echinococcus granulosus Always goes to the brain Definitive host: dogs, wolves Intermediate host: sheep, other herbivores, humans Tx is surgical
31
Sepsis (septicemia)
Bacteria growing in the blood
32
Bacteria that cause sepsis
Gram neg = Endotoxins cause blood pressure to decrease Antibiotics can worsen condition by killing more bacteria releasing more endotoxin Gram pos (more common) = Nosocomial infections caused by staphylococcus aureus (mersa) Streptococcus pyogenes Group B streptococcus Enterococcus faecium and E. Faecalis Puerperal Sepsis Childbirth fever
33
Endocarditis (bacterial infection of the heart)
Inflammation of the endocardium Subacute type : alpha-hemolytic streptococci from mouth (can be caused by dental procedures) Acute type : Staphylococcus aureus from mouth (requires congenital condition)
34
Rheumatic Fever
Inflammation of heart valves Autoimmune complication of streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat) infections
35
Tularemia
Francisella Tularensis , gram neg rod Transmitted from rabbits and deer flies Bacteria reproduce in phagocytes
36
Brucellosis (undulant fever)
Brucellosis, gram neg rob that grow in phagocytes B. Abortus (elk, bison, cows) B. Suis (swine) B. Melitensis (goats, sheep, camels) Undulating fever Transmitted via milk from infected animals or contact with infected animals
37
Cutaneous Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis , gram pos , endospore forming aerobic rod Cutaneous Anthrax 20% mortality, endospores enter through minor cut Found in soil Cattle are routinely vaccinated Treated with ciprofloxacin or doxycycline
38
Gangrene
Death of soft tissue Steps are : 1. Ischemia 2. Necrosis 3. Gangrene
39
Gas Gangrene
Clostridium perfringens Gram pos Endospore forming anaerobic rod, grows in necrotic tissue by entering through cut
40
Plague
Yersinia pestis , gram neg rod Reservoir = rats, ground squirrels, prairie dogs Vector is the rat flea Bubonic plague = bacterial growth in blood and lymph Septicemia plague = Septic shock Pneumonic plague = bacteria in the lungs
41
Relapsing Fever
Borrelia , spirochete Reservoir = rodents Vector = ticks Successsive replaces are less severe
42
Lyme Disease
Borrelia burgdorgeri Reservoir = deer Vector = ticks Symptoms = 1st phase : bull’s eye rash 2nd : irregular hb , encephalitis (brain swelling) 3rd : Arthritis The compounding symptoms from each phase is what kills you
43
Typhus (epidemic)
Epidemic typhus Caused by rickettsia prowazekii Reservoir = rodents Vector = Lice (pediculus humanus corporis) Transmitted when louse feces rubbed into bite wound
44
Typhus (endemic murine)
Rickettsia typhi Reservoir = rodents
45
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rickettsia rickettsii Measles like rash except that the rash appears on palms and soles
46
Burrito’s Lymphoma
Cancer in immunosuppressed individuals, malaria and AIDS patients Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Caused by HSV 4
47
Infectious Mononucleosis “mono”
Epstein-Barr virus (HSV 4) Childhood infections are asymptomatic Transmitted via saliva Characterized by proliferation of monocytes
48
Cytomegalovirus Inclusion Disease
Cytomegalovirus (HSV 5) Infected cells swell (cyto mega) Latent in WBCs May be asymptomatic or mild Transmitted across the placenta , may cause mental retardation Transmitted sexually, by blood, or by transplanted tissue
49
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Cause the lysis of blood cells
50
Yellow Fever
Flavivirus Vector is mosquito Reservoir is monkeys
51
Dengue Fever
Flavivirus Vector is 2 different mosquitos No known reservoir
52
Trypanosomiasis (Chaga’s’ Disease)
Trypanosoma Cruzi Reservoir = rodents, opossums, armadillos Vector = reduviid bug (kissing bug, bites around the lips)
53
Malaria
Plasmodium vivax, P. Ovale, P. Malariae , P. Falciparum Mosquitos are parasites that control the population of the mammals they feed on We don’t have the mosquitos that transmit Malaria in the USA Unique in that it evolved to become deadlier People with sickle cell anemia do not develop symptoms of malaria As climate changes , places become warmer, climate can become hospitable for Anopheles mosquito
54
Leishmania (babesiosis)
Replicates in RBCs Causative agent = Babesia microti Vector = ticks Reservoir = rodents Tx: Atovaquone & axithromycin Found in US
55
Schistosomiasis
Found in artificial lakes Causes tissue damage (granulomas) in response to eggs lodging in tissues

Microbio (14 decks)

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