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Microbio > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity

A

Specific antibody and lymphocyte response to an antigen

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2
Q

Innate (nonspecific) immunity

A

Defenses against any pathogen

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3
Q

Antigen (Ag)

A

Substances that cause the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells

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4
Q

Antibody (Ab)

A

Proteins made in response to antigens

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5
Q

Serology

A

Study of reactions between antibodies and antigens

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6
Q

Antiserum

A

Generic term for serum because it contains Ab

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7
Q

Globulins

A

Serum proteins

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8
Q

Acquired Immunity

A

Developed during an individuals lifetime

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9
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Involves Ab produced by B cells

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10
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Involves Tc and Th cells

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11
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

Results from infection

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12
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

Immunity passed through placenta to fetus or via colostrum (breastfeeding)

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13
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A

Vaccination

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14
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

Injection of Antibodies (your body doesn’t make them)

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15
Q

Haptens

A

Combine with carrier molecule to make a complete antigen. Hapten in the component of an antigen that will bind with receptors

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16
Q

Fab , Fc, overall structure of Ab

A

Fab = functional antigen binding site or variable binding site, different on every antibody, is the region that will bind with a specific antigen
Fc = functional constant region, same from antibody to antibody

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17
Q

IgG Abs

A

They are monomers (just one Y) ,
80% of serum antibodies are IgG
They fix complement
Are found in blood, lymph, and intestine
CAN CROSS PLACENTA, provide protection for fetus and newborn

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18
Q

IgM

A

Pentamer (5 y’s)
5-10% of serum abs
FIRST ABS PRODUCED IN RESPONSE TO INFECTION
Fix complement
Found in blood, lymph, and on B cells. Agglutinates microbes

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19
Q

IgA Abs

A

Dimer ( 2 y’s)
10-15% of serum abs
Provide mucosal protection and are found in mucosal secretions

20
Q

IgD antibodies

A

Monomer (1 Y)
0.2% of serum abs
On B cells, initiate immune response

21
Q

IgE Abs

A

Monomer (1 Y)
0.002% of serum abs
On mast cells and basophils
Involved in allergic reactions, lysis of parasitic worms

22
Q

Clonal Selection

A

Antigen binds to B cell
B cell is activated and produces memory B cells and more B cells that will become plasma cells
Plasma cells produce antibodies

23
Q

Self-tolerance

A

Body does not produce Abs against self antigens
Clonal deletion = process of destroying B and T cells that react to self antigens

24
Q

Agglutination

A

Enhances phagocytosis and reduces number of infectious units to be dealt with. (Antibodies bind more than one antigen and clump them tougher)

25
Q

Opsonizaiton

A

Coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis

26
Q

Neutralization

A

Blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa and blocks the active sites on toxins so they cannot bind to body cell receptors

27
Q

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

A

Antibodies attached to target cell cause destruction by non-specific immune system cells

28
Q

Inflammation

A

Disruption of cell by complement/reactive protein attracts phagocytosis and other defensive immune system cells

29
Q

Activation of complement

A

Complement binds to abs bound to bacteria and initiates cell lysis

30
Q

Ab Titer

A

The amount of Ab in serum.
Initial exposure = IgM is produced first and its levels peak around day 8/9 and fall off. IgG produced around day 6 and peaks around day 12
2nd Exposure = IgG skyrockets while at the same time IgM spikes slightly

31
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

A

Many identical antibodies produced from one cell.
Hybridomas are produced by fusing a cancer cell with Ab-secreting plasma cells
Hybridoma produces monoclonal Abs (Mabs)

32
Q

Immunotoxins

A

Mabs conjugated with a toxin to target cancer cells

33
Q

Chimeric Mabs

A

Genetically modified mice that produce antibodies with a human constant region Fc

34
Q

Interleukin-1

A

Stimulates helper T cells

35
Q

Interleukin-2

A

Activates Th, B, Tc, and NK cells

36
Q

Interleukin-12

A

Differentiation of CD4 cells

37
Q

Y-interferon (gamma interferon)

A

Increase activity of macrophages

38
Q

Chemokines

A

Cause leukocytes to move to an infection

39
Q

Cell-mediate immunity

A

Specialized lymphocytes (mostly T cells) respond to intracellular Antigens
After differeniating in the thymus, T cells migrate to lymphoid tissue
T cells differentiate into effector T cells when stimulated by Antigen
Some effector T cells become memory cells

40
Q

Pathogens entering the gastrointestinal or respiratory tracts

A

Pass through M (micro fold) cells in Peter’s patches that contain dendritic cells which are APCs

41
Q

Helper T Cells

A

CD4 Cells
Th1 = activate cells related to cell-mediated immunity
Th2 = activate B cells to produce eosinophils, IgM, IgE

42
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells

A

CD8
Destroy target cells with perforin

43
Q

Delayed hypersensitivity T cells

A

Td , associated with allergic reaction, transplant rejection, and tuberculin skin test

44
Q

Suppressor T Cells

A

Ts
Turn off immune response when Ag is no longer present

45
Q

Natural Killer cells

A

Lymphocytes that destroy virus-infected cells, tumors

46
Q

Activated macrophages

A

Macrophages stimulated by ingesting Ag or by cytokines

47
Q

T-independent antigens

A

Large parasitic worms

Microbio (14 decks)

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