Lecture 6

Question 1

Immunity

Answer 1

Specific antibody and lymphocyte response to an antigen

Question 2

Innate (nonspecific) immunity

Answer 2

Defenses against any pathogen

Question 3

Antigen (Ag)

Answer 3

Substances that cause the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells

Question 4

Antibody (Ab)

Answer 4

Proteins made in response to antigens

Question 5

Serology

Answer 5

Study of reactions between antibodies and antigens

Question 6

Antiserum

Answer 6

Generic term for serum because it contains Ab

Question 7

Globulins

Answer 7

Serum proteins

Question 8

Acquired Immunity

Answer 8

Developed during an individuals lifetime

Question 9

Humoral immunity

Answer 9

Involves Ab produced by B cells

Question 10

Cell-mediated immunity

Answer 10

Involves Tc and Th cells

Question 11

Naturally acquired active immunity

Answer 11

Results from infection

Question 12

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Answer 12

Immunity passed through placenta to fetus or via colostrum (breastfeeding)

Question 13

Artificially acquired active immunity

Answer 13

Vaccination

Question 14

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Answer 14

Injection of Antibodies (your body doesn’t make them)

Question 15

Haptens

Answer 15

Combine with carrier molecule to make a complete antigen. Hapten in the component of an antigen that will bind with receptors

Question 16

Fab , Fc, overall structure of Ab

Answer 16

Fab = functional antigen binding site or variable binding site, different on every antibody, is the region that will bind with a specific antigen
Fc = functional constant region, same from antibody to antibody

Question 17

IgG Abs

Answer 17

They are monomers (just one Y) ,
80% of serum antibodies are IgG
They fix complement
Are found in blood, lymph, and intestine
CAN CROSS PLACENTA, provide protection for fetus and newborn

Question 18

IgM

Answer 18

Pentamer (5 y’s)
5-10% of serum abs
FIRST ABS PRODUCED IN RESPONSE TO INFECTION
Fix complement
Found in blood, lymph, and on B cells. Agglutinates microbes

Question 19

IgA Abs

Answer 19

Dimer ( 2 y’s)
10-15% of serum abs
Provide mucosal protection and are found in mucosal secretions

Question 20

IgD antibodies

Answer 20

Monomer (1 Y)
0.2% of serum abs
On B cells, initiate immune response

Question 21

IgE Abs

Answer 21

Monomer (1 Y)
0.002% of serum abs
On mast cells and basophils
Involved in allergic reactions, lysis of parasitic worms

Question 22

Clonal Selection

Answer 22

Antigen binds to B cell
B cell is activated and produces memory B cells and more B cells that will become plasma cells
Plasma cells produce antibodies

Question 23

Self-tolerance

Answer 23

Body does not produce Abs against self antigens
Clonal deletion = process of destroying B and T cells that react to self antigens

Question 24

Agglutination

Answer 24

Enhances phagocytosis and reduces number of infectious units to be dealt with. (Antibodies bind more than one antigen and clump them tougher)

Question 25

Opsonizaiton

Answer 25

Coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis

Question 26

Neutralization

Answer 26

Blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa and blocks the active sites on toxins so they cannot bind to body cell receptors

Question 27

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Answer 27

Antibodies attached to target cell cause destruction by non-specific immune system cells

Question 28

Inflammation

Answer 28

Disruption of cell by complement/reactive protein attracts phagocytosis and other defensive immune system cells

Question 29

Activation of complement

Answer 29

Complement binds to abs bound to bacteria and initiates cell lysis

Question 30

Ab Titer

Answer 30

The amount of Ab in serum. Initial exposure = IgM is produced first and its levels peak around day 8/9 and fall off. IgG produced around day 6 and peaks around day 12 2nd Exposure = IgG skyrockets while at the same time IgM spikes slightly

Question 31

Monoclonal Antibodies

Answer 31

Many identical antibodies produced from one cell. Hybridomas are produced by fusing a cancer cell with Ab-secreting plasma cells Hybridoma produces monoclonal Abs (Mabs)

Question 32

Immunotoxins

Answer 32

Mabs conjugated with a toxin to target cancer cells

Question 33

Chimeric Mabs

Answer 33

Genetically modified mice that produce antibodies with a human constant region Fc

Question 34

Interleukin-1

Answer 34

Stimulates helper T cells

Question 35

Interleukin-2

Answer 35

Activates Th, B, Tc, and NK cells

Question 36

Interleukin-12

Answer 36

Differentiation of CD4 cells

Question 37

Y-interferon (gamma interferon)

Answer 37

Increase activity of macrophages

Question 38

Chemokines

Answer 38

Cause leukocytes to move to an infection

Question 39

Cell-mediate immunity

Answer 39

Specialized lymphocytes (mostly T cells) respond to intracellular Antigens After differeniating in the thymus, T cells migrate to lymphoid tissue T cells differentiate into effector T cells when stimulated by Antigen Some effector T cells become memory cells

Question 40

Pathogens entering the gastrointestinal or respiratory tracts

Answer 40

Pass through M (micro fold) cells in Peter’s patches that contain dendritic cells which are APCs

Question 41

Helper T Cells

Answer 41

CD4 Cells Th1 = activate cells related to cell-mediated immunity Th2 = activate B cells to produce eosinophils, IgM, IgE

Question 42

Cytotoxic T Cells

Answer 42

CD8 Destroy target cells with perforin

Question 43

Delayed hypersensitivity T cells

Answer 43

Td , associated with allergic reaction, transplant rejection, and tuberculin skin test

Question 44

Suppressor T Cells

Answer 44

Ts Turn off immune response when Ag is no longer present

Question 45

Natural Killer cells

Answer 45

Lymphocytes that destroy virus-infected cells, tumors

Question 46

Activated macrophages

Answer 46

Macrophages stimulated by ingesting Ag or by cytokines

Question 47

T-independent antigens

Answer 47

Large parasitic worms