lecture 11: Special Sensies Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 6 general senses
A
pain temp touch pressure vibrations prorprioception
2
Q
what receptors sense pain
A
nociceptos
3
Q
what receptors sense temp
A
thermoreceptors
4
Q
what receptors sense touch
A
mechanoreceptos
5
Q
what receptors sense pressure
A
mechanoreceptors
6
Q
what receptores sense vibration
A
mechonoreceptors
7
Q
what receptors sense proprioception
A
proprioceptors
8
Q
what are the 4 special senses
A
smell
taste
vision
hearing and equilibrium
9
Q
olfaction is for the sense of…
A
smell
10
Q
what are the 3 cell types related to olfaction
A
olfactory receptor cells
supporting cells
basal stem cells
11
Q
are olfactory nerves uni, multi or bipolar
A
bipolar
12
Q
where are the olfactory cells located
A
in the cribriform plate in the olfactory foramina
13
Q
olfactory receptor cells are bipolar or unipolar
A
bipolar
14
Q
the olfactory receptor cells are sites of what
A
olfcatory transduction
15
Q
what do olfactory receptor cells respond to
+ what do they initiate
A
chemical stimulation of an odorant molecule, initiate the olfactory response
16
Q
where do the single axons of olfacotry receptor cells project through
A
project through the cribifom plate into the olfactory bulb
17
Q
explain what the supporting cells of the olfaction are
A
columnar epithelial cells which line the nose
18
Q
what are the 2 functions of supporting cells of olfaction
A
- provide physical support, nourish, and insule the olfactory receptor cells
- help detoxify the chemicals which come in contact with olfactory epithelium
19
Q
where is the location of basal stem cells of olfaction
A
lie between the bases of support cells
20
Q
true or false: basal cells are slow at reproducing
A
false, they continually undergo cell division to produce new olfactory receptor cells
21
Q
what stems undergo cell division to produce new olfactory receptor cells
A
basal stem cells
22
Q
1 basal cell lives how long
A
1 month
23
Q
do the number of basal stem cells and olfactory cells decrase or increase with age
A
decrease
24
Q
true or false; there is increased sensisitve of olfactory nerves as age increases
A
false, decreases
25
what is the only sense that goes directly to the cortex without going to the thalamus first
smell
26
what lobe is responsible for the primary association of smell
temporal lobe
27
explain the pathway for smell
olfactory epithelium, olfactory nerve, olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, thalamus, maxillary bodies, temporal lobe
28
gustation is the sense of what
taste
29
what lobe the primary association for taste
parietal
30
what are the 4 major classes of stimuli distinguised in gustation
+ what is the 5th
sour
sweet
bittter
salty
umami
31
odors from food pass where
up nasal cavity
32
what do the odors that pass up into the nasal cavity stimulate
stimulate the oflactory receptor cells
33
where are receptors for taste location
taste buds
34
how many taste buds do we have
10k
35
where are taste buds located
tongue, soft palate, pharynx and larynx
36
true or false: the number of taste buds decrease with age
true
37
what are the 3 cell types on taste buds
support cells
gustatory receptor cells
basal cells
38
be able to locate the cells of taste buds
.
39
explain the gustatory pathway
taste buds, medulla oblongata( by CN 7,9,10), either hypothalamus or thalamus , parietal lobe
40
explain the neural pathway for gustatory receptor cells
gustatory receptor cells synapse with dendrites of a sensory neuron, branch out and contact many gustatory recepto cells in severeal taste buds
41
where are taste buds housed
in papillae
42
what are the 4 types of papillae on the tongue
circumvallate (vallate)
fungiform
foliate
filiform
43
true or false: filiform no longer contains taste buds after the tongue is matured
true
44
what papillae causes wrinkles on the side of the tongue
foliate papilla
45
what papilla forms a v at the back of the tongue
vallate papilla
46
what are the medium sized taste buds on the tongue
fungiform papilla
47
what are the small taste buds on the surface for abraision
filiform papilla
48
what are the 3 cranial nerves invovled in the gustatory pathway
CN 7,9,10
facial
glosspharangeal
vagus
49
what part of the tongue foes the facial nerve inenrvate
anterior 2/3 of tongue
50
what part of the tongue foes the glossopharangeal nerve inervate
posterior third
51
what part of the tongue does the vagus nevve innervate
root and epiglottis
52
from taste buds, impulses travel where first
propagate along the cranial nerves to the medulla oblongato
53
what are the 2 locations that the taste fibers project
| 1
1) limbic system areas and hypothalamus
| 2) thalamus (extend to primary gustatory area in parietal lobe)
54
which lobe is responsible for smell
temporal
55
whcih lobe is response for taste
parietal
56
what are the 5 accessory structures to the eye
```
eyelids
eyelashes
eyebrows
lacrimal apparatus
extrinsic eye muscles
```
57
what muscle is response for opening the eye lid (upper)
levator palpebra superiorsis muscle
58
what is the line between the two eyelinds called
palpabral fissure
59
what are the angles where the eye lids meet called
lateral and medial comissure
60
what does the lacrimal caruncle contrain
contains sebaceous (oil) glands and sudoriferous (sweat) glands
61
what are the layerts of the eyelid (superior to deep)
```
epidermis
dermis
subcut tissue
orbicularis occuli
tarsus
conjuctiva (palp part)
```
62
what is the functuon of the tarsal glands
thick connective tissue that holds the eye in place
63
what are the 3 fucntions of the eyelashes/eyebrows
protect eyeball from foreign objectives
protect eyeball from perspiration
protect eyeball from direct rays from sun
64
what releases a lubrication fluid into the hair follicles of the eye
sebaceous glands at the base of the eyelashses
65
sebacaeous glands at the base of the eye lashses release what
lubrication fluid into the hair follicules (infection=sty)
66
the lacrimal apparatus produces and drains what
lacrimal fluid (tears)
67
what are tears and what are they made of
watery solution containing
salts
mucous
lyzosyme
68
whta is the function of the lacrimal apparatus in producing tears
protect
clean
lubricate/moisten
69
what are the 6 assocaited structures with the laccrimal apparatus
```
lacrimal galnds
lacrimal ducts
nasolacrimal duct
lacrimal punctum
lacrimal canals
lacrimal sac
```
70
what are the 6 extrinsic muscles of the eye
```
sup rectus
inf rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
sup obloque
inf oblique
```
71
what motion does the sup rectus do
superior and medial
72
what motion does the inf rectus do
inferior and medial
73
what motion does the lateral rectus do
abducts eye
74
what motion does the medial rectus do
adducts eye
75
what motion does the sup oblique do
moves eyeball iniferior and lateral
76
what motion does the inf oblique do
superior and laterally
77
what percentage of the eye is exposed
1/6
78
MAJORITY of the eye is protected in what
the orbit
79
what are the 3 layers of the eyeball
1) fibrous tunic (sclera)
2) vascular tunic (choroid)
3) retina
80
but these in order from superior to deep
| retina, fibrous tunic, vascular tunic
fibrous tunic
vascular tunic
retina
81
what is the most superficial layer of the eyeball
fibrous tunic
82
what are the 2 components of fibrous tunic
anterior cornea
| posterior sclera
83
explain the anterior cornea (2)
- transparent
-helps focus light on retina
| helps focus light onto the retina
84
true or false: the sclera helps focus light onto the retina
false, the cornea
85
explain the posterior sclera (2)
"white:"
- gives shape+ protect inner part
| gives shape and protects inner parts of eye ball
86
what is the intermediate layer of the eyeball
vascular tunic
87
what are the 3 components of the vascular tunic
choroid
cilliary body
iris
88
what is the functon of the choroid
provides nutrient to retina
89
what are the 2 strucctures assocaited with ciliary bodies
cilliary muscles
ciliary processes
90
what do ciliary muscles do
alter the shape of the lens
91
what does the iris respond to
responsds to chagnes in light level
92
what are the 2 types of muscles assocaited to the iris
circular vs radial muscles
93
when focussing on far, the lens is more flat.
| what does that mean for the postion of the cilariy ligaments and muscles
lens= stretched
suspensory ligs= tight
colliery muscles= relaxed
94
when focussing close, the lens is more round.
| what does that mean for the postion of the cilariy ligaments and muscles
lens= round
suspensory ligs= relax
colliery muscles= contracted
95
pupil constricts when the circular muscles of the iris is contracted or relaxed?
contract
96
if the circualr eye myscles contract, the radial muscles are also contracted or relaxed
relaxed
97
pupil dialtes as what happens to radial muscles
radial muscles contract
98
the constrict the pupil, what muscles of the eye contract
circular
99
to dilate the pupil what muscles need to contact
radial muscles
100
what is the innermost layer of the eyeball
retina
101
the optic disk is located where
retina wall
102
is the optic disc more medial or lateral on the wall
medial
103
what artery and vein pass thoroug hthe optic nerve
central retinal aterioy and vein
104
the retina contains 2 portions, what are they
1) pigment epithelium
| 2) neural portion
105
what portion of the retina is the non visual portion
pigment epithelium
106
what portion of the reina is the visual poriton
the neural portion
107
where does processing take place in the retina
neural portion
108
what is deeper, pigment epithelium or neural portion
pigment epithelium
109
what is the pigment epithelium
sheet of melanin contraining epitheliam cells (lcoated between chrooid and neural portion)
110
is melanin only found in the pigment epithelum
no , also the choroid
111
what is the function of melanin in the eye
absorbs stray light rays, prevents reflection and scattering of light within the eye ball
(image cast by retina remains shpart and clear)
112
the neural porition is superior or deep to pigment epithelium
superior
113
what is the neural portion
the multilayerd part wihch processes the visual data before transmitting nerve impulses to the thalamus
114
what are the 3 layers of the neural protion
photoceptor layer
bipolar layer
ganglion cell layer
115
put these in order of deep to superifial
| ganglion cell layer, bipolar cell layer, photorecptor
photoreceptor
bipolar
gangion
116
what are the 2 other types of cells in the neural portion
horizontal and amacrine
117
true or false: processing of images begins in the pigmented layer
False
118
all the info at the ganglion cell layer converse to where
the optic disk
119
whatt is the order of processing info in the eye
```
photoreceptor
outer synaptic layer
bipolar cell level
inner synaptic layer
gangion cell layer
```
120
rods and cones are located in what layer of the neural portion
photoreceptor layer
121
what are the 2 types of photorecrptors
rods cones
122
rods have a low or high light threshold
low light
123
what tallows us to see in dim light
rods
124
cones are stimulated by brihgt or dark light
bright light
125
what produces colour vision
cones
126
what is there a very high ceoncertraio of rods and cones
macula lutea
127
fovea centralis only has rods or cones
only cones
128
what is reponse for sharpness of vision
fovea centralis
129
the optic disk is the reason we have a BLANK
blind spot
130
true or false: you can find rods and cones in the optic disk
false, no rods or cones
131
fovea cetntriallis is medial or lateral to optic disk
lateral
132
is the lens vascular or avascular
avascular
133
the lens is posterior or anterior to pupil and irus
posterior
134
the lens is composed of what
protein (crystallins)
135
is the lens nromally transparent
yes
136
what is the lens held in place by
suspensory ligament
137
what are the 2 functions of the lens `
1) fine tunes focussing of light rays
| 2) faciliates clear vision
138
what are the 2 cavities on the interior of the eye
anterior and posterior
139
the anterior cavity contains what
aqueous humor (water based liquid)
140
the anterior cavity is dividied into the..
anterior and posterior chamber
141
the posterior cavity conttains whatt lieque
vitrous humor (gel like)
142
the anterior caviyy is in what postion in relation to the lens
anterior to the lens
143
does any processing happen in the eye before it goes to the brain
yes at the retina there is significant [rocessing of the visual signals
144
axons of the retinal ganglion cells provide what
ouput from the reina to the brain
145
what leads to the generationn of nerve impulses in the eye
rods and cones
146
what do rods and cones release and what does that lead to
release NT which lead to the generation of enrve impulses
147
axons of the optic nerve pass through where frist
optic chamism
148
true or false: all fibers of the eye cross to the opposite side
false, some stay others fo
149
what happens to the fibers after the optic chaism (where does the signal go)
after the optic chiams, the fibers form the optic tract, enter the brain and terminante in the thalamus (some bypass and go staight to sup colliculo)
150
what is the function of sup colliculo
sight
151
do all fibers terminate in the thalamus for vision
false, some go directrly to sup colliculo)
152
after synapsing inn the thalamus, optic radiates projects tto where
tto visual areas inn the occpiatl lobes fo the cerebral corttex
153
medial tracts cross over or stay on same side
cross over
154
in what lobe are we conciously aware of vision
occipital lobe
155
what are the 3 divisions of the ear
external
middle
internal ear
156
how is the external ear atached to the head
ligaments and muscle
157
what are the parts of the auricle
```
helix
antihelix
tragus
anti tragus
chocnhae
lolbule
```
158
how longis the external acoustic meatus
2.5 cm
159
where is the external acoustic meatus located
in the temporal bone
160
what are the special oil glands of theear
ceruminous
161
what do specialzed oil grlands in the ear secrete
ear wax
162
what is the fancy name for ear wax
ceruumen
163
true or false: ear wax makes no difference in hearing
false, some people produce excessive amountts resulting in a muffled incominng sounds
164
what protects the external acoustic meatus and protects it from what
hair and wax protect from dust or foreigh objects
165
what is the tympanic membrane
thin, semitransparent memebrane between external and middle ear
166
true or false: the tympanic membrane is covered by dermin
false, epidermis
167
which vibrates less pars tensa or pars flaccida
pars tens
168
what bone does the middle ear lie in
tenporal bone
169
what is the middle ear
air filled cavility lined with epithelium
170
what are the 3 bones of the middle ear
malleus
incus
stapes
171
orgaize these from lateral to medial (outer to inner)
| incus, stapes, malleus
malleus
incus
stapes
172
what does malleus mean
hammer
173
what does incus mean
anvil
174
what does stapes mean
stirrup
175
what does the malleus articuate with
tympanic membrane and incus
176
what does incus articulate with
stapes and malleus
177
what does stapes articulate which
incus and sits in ovale window
178
the stapes sits in the ovale or round window
oval
179
what are the 2 muscles attaching to ossicles
tensor tympani muscle
| stapedius muscle
180
what is the fucntuin of tensor tympanic
cotnact to reduce vibrations
181
what is the eustachian tube made up of
bone and hyaline cartilage
182
what does the eustachian tube connect
connects the middle ear and nasopharyx (upper portiono of throat)
183
explain air movement in esutachian tube
allows air to enter / leaving the middle ear until they pressures are equilvalent
184
the inner ear is made up of only a bony labrinth
falwe, also inner memrbanous
185
what are the components of the outer bony labrinths
semi circular canals
vestibule
cochlea
perilyph
186
what are the compoents of the inenr membranous labrynth
uttricle and sacrical
semi circ ductt
contains endolypm
187
trye or false, the outer bony labryth contains endolypth
false, perilymph
188
what liquid in the ear is simular to CSF
perylyphn
189
what liquid has a hgih concentrion of K+ ions
endolypm
190
what are the 2 brances of the vestobulochochlear nerve
vestibular branch
| cochlear
191
the bestipular branch is just sensory
false, and motor
192
what is the function of vestibular branch
equilibrium
193
is cochlear only sensory
yes
194
what is the function of the cochlear branch
hearing
195
what are the 3 nerves of the vestibular branch
ampullar
utricular
saccular
196
the cochlea is anterior or posterior to vestibule
anterior
197
the cochlea spirals around what
modiuolus
198
the cochlea dives into what 3 channels
scale vsetibule
scala tympani
cochlear duct
199
where does the scale vestibule end
at oval window
200
where does the scala tympani end
at round window
201
scale typani and vestibuli connect wehere
helicotrema
202
what does the vestibular membrane seperate
cochlear duct from scale vestibuli
203
what does the basilar membrane seperate
seperatoes cochlear duct and scala tympani
204
where does the organ of corti rest
onn basilar memebrane
205
what is the organ of corti
coiled sheet of epithelial cells
206
what are the 16k hair cells in the ear called
organ of corti 9hearing)
207
organ of corti synapse with what
sensory and motor neurosnf rom the cochlear branch
208
explain mechanism of hearing
.
209
explai nmechanism of static equil
slide 87
210
explain emechanism for dynamic equilibrium
slide 88
