LECTURE 15/16 Flashcards
1
Q
WHAT ARE common pahtways for food and air
A
nose and phyeix
2
Q
what is passages for air only
A
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
3
Q
what are the 2 parts of the respiratory system
A
1) conduction portion
2) respiratory portion
4
Q
what is the conducting portionn of the respiratory system
A
Interconnecting cavities and tubes which filter, warm and
moisten the air and conducts it to the lungs
5
Q
what structures are included in the conduction protion
A
Includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
6
Q
true or false: there is no gas exchange in the conductionn protion
A
true
7
Q
there is gas exchange in the BLANK portion
A
respiratory portion
8
Q
there is no gas exchange in the BLANK portion
A
conduction portion
9
Q
the tissues within the lungs where gases are exhanges are part of the BLANK system
A
respiratory system
10
Q
what are the structures found within the respirtaroy portion
A
Includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs and alveoli (main
site of gas exchange between the air and the blood)
11
Q
what is the main
site of gas exchange between the air and the blood)
A
alveoli
12
Q
what bones make up the nose
A
frontal
maxillary
Nasal
13
Q
the nose is made up of what
A
External supporting framework of bone and hyaline cartilage
14
Q
what is the nose lined with
A
mucous membrane
15
Q
what are the 3 cartilages of the nose
A
septal
nasal
alar
16
Q
what completes the septum (besides vomen and perp plate)
A
the septal cartialge
17
Q
what from the lateral cartilage plates of the nose
A
nasal
18
Q
what gives roundess to the nostrils
A
alar
19
Q
alar is split into minnor and major?
A
true
20
Q
what are the 3 functionns of the internal functions of the nose
A
Warm, moisten and filter incoming air
• Detect olfactory stimuli
• Modify speech vibrations as they pass through resonating chambers
21
Q
what is another name for internal nares
A
choanae
22
Q
true or false: paranasal sinnus gives resonance to voice
A
true
23
Q
what are the paranasal sinnuses
A
sphenoid
frontal
maxillary
ethmoid
24
Q
what are the lateral walls of the nose (bones)
A
ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal, palatine, inferior
nasal conchae
•
25
what is the floor fo the nose (bones)
Floor: maxilla and palatine
26
what is the nasal septum of the nose (bones)
• Nasal septum: vomer, ethmoid, palatine, and maxilla
27
sup middle and inf nasal conchae divides nose innto what
3 meatuses
28
what does the arrangement of the conchae and meatuses do
Arrangement of conchae and meatuses increase the surface area
in the cavity and prevents dehydration by trapping droplets of
water during exhalation
29
where do olfactory receptor cells lie
Olfactory receptor cells lie in the membrane lining the superior
nasal conchae and the septum
30
the moucous membrane of the nose contrains what (2)
capilaries (warm air)
| many goblet cells (highly vascular)
31
the blood in the capillaries of the nose do what to the air
warms the air
32
the goblic cells in nthe nose secrete what
mucous
33
what is the last common pathway for air and good
pharynx
34
where does the pharynx extend from
extends from internal nares to the level of the cricoid cartilage
(larynx)
35
where does the pharynx lie in the body
Lies posterior to the nasal/oral cavities and just anterior to the
cervical vertebrae
36
the pharynx is linged with a mucous mmebrane and what 2 layers
1) outer circular
| 2) inner lognitunida;
37
true or false: the pharynx provide a resonating chamber for speech sunds
true
38
what houses the tonsils
pharynx
39
what do tonsils do
participate in immune reactions against
| foreign invaders
40
what does pharynx divide into (3 regions)
nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx
41
nasopharynx extends to the...
soft palate
42
what are the 5 openingns of the nasopharynx
2 itnernal nares
2 eustachian tubes
1 opening into oropharaynx
43
air and dust enter nasophysynx from where
nasal cavity
44
the ciliac found in the lininng does what
moves the moucous down
45
true or false: no air is exchanges with the esutachian tibe
false, small amouts
46
where dies the orophraynx extend from
Extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone
47
how many openingns in oropharynx
1 into larynngopharyx
48
true or false; oropharynx has only respiratory functions
flse, also digestive
49
what are the 2 tonsils of the oropharync
palatine and lingual tonsils
50
where does the laryngopharynx begin
at the hyoid bone
51
where does the laryngopharyx openn into
opens into esophagus for food
| opens into laryx for air
52
what is the last common pathway for food and air
laryngopharynx
53
larynx connects what two things
laryngopharyx to trachea
54
where does the larynx lie
anterior to c4-c6 verebra
55
the larynx is composed of how many pieces of cartilage and what are they
```
Thyroid (1)
• Cricoid (1)
• Epiglottis (1)
• Arythenoid (2)
• Corniculate (2)
• Cuneiform (2)
```
56
the thyroid cartilage does not connect posteriorly or anteriorly
posteriorly
57
what is the only cartialge that goes all the way around
cricoid
58
mucous found inn the lining of larynx helps do what
trap dust that is not removed in the upper repistory tract
59
where does the ciliac of the larynnx move dust
moves trapped dust to the pharynnx
60
the mucous membrane of the larynx splits ifnro whta 2 folds
```
venticular folds /false
vocal folds (true)
```
61
which fold is more inferior
vocal foods
62
what happens when air is directed against the vocal folds
they vibrate and setup
sound waves in the column of air in the pharynx, nose
and mouth
63
a great pressure against vocal folds creates a louder or more quiet sound
louder
64
what is pitch controlled by
tension on the vocal chords
65
what 4 strucutres act as resognating chambers that give voice individual qulity
The pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
66
the trachea is located anterior tot what
the esophagus
67
where does the trachae extend to
extends from the larynx to the 5th thoracic verebra
68
the ttrachea splits into what
R/L primary bronchi
69
true or false: tthe trachae Provides the same protection against dust as the membranelining the nasal cavity and larynx
trtue
70
the trachea Provides the same protection against dust as what
the membrane
| lining the nasal cavity and larynx
71
what are the 4 layers of the trachea
Mucosa
• Submucosa
• Hyaline cartilage
• Adventitia
72
list these in order from deep to superficial Adventitia, Mucosa
• Submucosa • Hyaline cartilage
•
mucosa
submucosa
hyaline cartilage
adventitia
73
what is the difference between a serous layer and an adventitia layer?
adventitia = anchors to surrounding areas (ex : trachea is anchored)
serous layer = does not anchor / allows freedom of movementq
74
the trachea is made up of 16-20 complete or incomplete hyaline caritlate rings
incomplete
75
where does the trachea divide into L and R primary broinchi
at the level of T5 (carina)
76
what is the carina
One of the most sensitive areas of the larynx and trachea for
triggering a cough reflex
77
which bronchi is more vertical
rightt
78
which bronchie is shortter and wider
right one
79
true or fALSE; left bronchi is more vertical, shorter and wider than the left
false, right
80
does only the trachea contain incomplete rings of cartilage
no also bronchi
81
the carina is the internal ridge wjere the trachea divides into ...
primary bronchi
82
how many secondary bronchi are thre on the right side
3
83
how many secondary bronchi are there on the left side
2
84
how many tertitare bronchi are there
10 on each side
85
explain the divison from trachea
```
prim bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronc
bronchiales (terminal broncs)
bronchealtree
alveoli
```
86
true or false: the lungs are seperated by the head and other structures
yes
87
where are the lungs seperated by the heart and other structures
in the mediastimum
88
the lungs are enclosed and prtected by what
pleural membrane
89
true or false: each lobe of lungs has its own pleural membrane
true
90
what are the 2 divisions of pleural membrane in lungs
parietal
| visceral pleura
91
the lugns extend from where to where
| and where do they lie
Extend from the diaphragm to just above the
clavicle
• Lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorl
92
the base of the lungs sits on BLANK
the diaphhram
93
what is the costal surface
surface against the ribs
94
what is the mediastinal surface
psoterior and medial
| against the heart
95
what surface contrains the hilus
mediastinal sruface
96
what is the entry point to the lungs calle
hilus
97
what stractuted are found in the hilus
primary bronchia
pulm veins
pulm arteries
98
which lobe has 2 fissures
right lung
99
is the visceral pleura the outer or inner later
inner
100
which pleura extentts past the lungs
pleiral
101
why does the partietal pleura extend pass the lungs
to allow the lungs to expannd
102
which lung is smaller and why
the left lung is 10% smaller than the right because the heart takes up stapce
103
why is the right lung thicker, broader and shorter
to accomodate the liver which lies inferior to it
104
what is the pleural cavity
Small space between visceral and parietal pleura which
contains a small amount of lubricating fluid secreted
by the membranes:
105
what is the functionn of the pleural cavity
reduced friction between membranes
| allows them to slide over one another
106
the pleural cavity extends where
Extends below the base of the lung- from 6th costal cartilage
to 12th rib
107
ttrue or false: there are not seperate cavities (plural cavity) for the right and elft lungs
false, there are seperate cavities
108
why can there be inflammation of the pleura (pleuritis)
may cause pain due to friction between layers and if inflammation persists – excess fluid accumulates in pleural space
109
true or false: the pleural cavity extrends further than the lungs
true
110
each lung divides into different lobes by what
by fissures
111
true or false: only the righht lung has an oblique fissure
false, both do
112
in the left lung what does the oblique fissure seperate
seperates superior from inferior lobe
113
in the right lung, whatt does the oblique fissure seperate
serperates the superior form linferior/inferior from middle
114
what lung also has a horizontal fissure
right
115
what does the horiztal fissure seperate
subdives the superior lobe froming the middle lobe
116
each lobe receives its own BLANK
secondary bronchus
117
R. primary bronchus gives rise to BLANK
3 secondary bronchi
118
• L. primary bronchus gives rise to BLANK
2 secondary bronchi
119
the secondary bronchi subdivide into blank
teriary bronchi
120
what does each teriatry bronchi supply
a segment of lung tissue called a bronchopulmonary segment
121
what does each bronchopulmonary segment contain
has small compartments called lubules
122
lobules are wrapped in what
elastic connecttve tissue
123
where does the respitpry system begin
lobules
124
what do lobules cotnain
Contains a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a branch from a terminal bronchiole
125
what do terminal bronchioles subdivide into
microscopic branches called respiraoty bronchioles
126
true or false: gas exhange begins in the tertiatry bronchus
false, in the respiratory bornnchioles
127
bronchioles subdivide into several BLANKS
alveolar ducts
128
from the trachae, the respiratory passages brach how many times
apprx 25
129
what is around the alveolar ducts
numerous alveri and alveoli sacs
130
what is an alveolar sac
2 or more alveoli that share a common opening
131
what are the 2 alveolar epithelial cells found in the walls of the alveroli
type 1 and 2 alveoli cells
132
what is the function of the type 1 alveoli cells
main site of gas exchange
133
what is the function of type 2 alveoli cells
secrete alveolar fluid, keep surface between cells and air moist
134
what is an alverolar macrophage
Wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris in
the alveolar spaces
135
how does exhange of o2 and co2 happen
occurs by diffusion across alveolar and capilary walls (thru respiraoty membeane)
136
what is the respiraoty membrane
very thin memebrane which allows rapid diffusion
137
when you hear surfactant, what cell do you think of
type 2 alveolar cell
138
when you hear gas exchange, what cell do you think of
type 1 alverol cell
139
bronchial arteries (branch off thoracic aortic) deliver what type of blood and where
deliver oxygenated blood to the lungs
140
how does most of the blood terutn to the heart
via the pulm veins
141
true or false : ALL blood returns to the heart through pulm veins
false, some returns via the SVC (via bracnhes of the azygos system)
142
what are the 3 basic stemps of bteathing
1) pulmonary ventilation
2) external (pulmonary) respiration
3) internal (tissue) respiration
143
what is pulm ventialtion
inspiration and experiation
144
what is external/pulmonary respiration
exchange of gas b/w air and spaces in the lungs
145
what is internal/tissue respiratoion
exchange of gas between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
146
what is the duration of inspiratio n
2 secs
147
what msucles are used for inspiration
diaphram and external intercostals
148
what is the pressure just prior to inspritaion
air pressure inside the lungs = atmospheric pressure
149
for air to flow into the lungs, what needs to happen to pressure
presure in alveoli must become lower than athmospheric pressure
150
how is inspiration acheived
by increase volume of lungs
151
To expand the alverolo of the lungs, the principle insporatory muscles must contract. What are they?
diaphram and external intercosts
152
what is disaphram innervated by
phrenic nerve
153
what is external interncstls innervated by
intercostal nevre
154
what ist he most important muscle of inspritaion
diaphram
155
what is the diaphram
dome shaped skeletal muscle that forms the floor fo the thoracic vcavity
156
cotnaction of the diaphran causes the diaphram to BLANK
flatten, increasing the
| vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity (1-10 cm)
157
what are some reasons that compelte decsent of the diaphram does not occur
pregnancy
osesity
tight clothing
158
true or false: contrsction of diaphram happens prior to contraction of external intercostals
false, happen at the same time
159
where do the external intercostals run
obliquely between the rubs
160
what does the external intercostals do for breathing
* Pull the ribs superiorly and push the sternum anterior
| * Increases anteroposterior and lateral diameter of the cavity
161
As overall size of thoracic cavity increases, what happens to the walls of the
lungs and Parietal and visceral pleura
are pulled outward as well
162
as volume increases in nthe lungs, what is established and what does that cause
pressure gradiennt and Air rushes into the lungs and inspiration takes place until the pressure difference no longer exists
163
what are the accessory muscles that help in deep isnpiraton
* Sternocleidomastoid (rises sternum)
* Scalenes (rise ribs 1 and 2)
* Pectoralis minor (rises ribs 3-5)
164
what does the • Sternocleidomastoid do
(rises sternum)
165
what do the • Scalenes do
(rise ribs 1 and 2)
166
what does the • Pectoralis minor do
(rises ribs 3-5)
167
when is expiration acheived
when pressure in lungs exceeds that of atmospheric pressure
168
what does expiration depend on (2)
* The recoil of the elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration
* The inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid
169
when does expiration start
when inspiration muscles relax
170
what is the movement of ribs and siaphram in expiramtionn
ribs move inferior and diaphram moves up
171
what are the muscles of exprimation
abdominal muscles
| internal intercostals
172
what does the abdominal muscles do
move ribs inferior and compress
| abdominal viscera forcing the diaphragm up
173
what do the interal intercotstals do
extend inferiorly and posteriorly
| between the ribs, pulls ribs inferiorly
174
true or false: you need muscles for expriation
false, only ened them for forced/prolongued expiration
175
quiet breathing expiration is caused by what
passive recoil of thje lungs
176
true ro false: repiration can be controlled voluntary for short periods of time
true
177
how is respiration usualyl controlled
controlled by the nervous system to meet the bodys
| demands without our conscious concern
178
what cause conntraction andf relaxation of the respiratory muscles
clusters of nerons located bilarterally in the medulla oblongata
179
Respiratory center consists of groups of neurons functionally divided into what 3 areas:
Medullary rhythmicity area (medulla oblongata)
* Pneumotaxic area (pons)
* Apneustic area (pons)
180
the medullary rhytmicity area controls what
basic rhytm of respiration
181
What is the normal restinng rate for breathing
innspirationn (2 seconds)
| expiration (3 seconds)
182
what is longer, inspiration or expiration
expiration
183
medullary rhymeicty area consists of what neurons
Consists of inspiratory and expiratory neurons that
| make up inspiratory and expiratory area
184
basic rhytm of breathing is dettermined by nerve impulses generated in what area
innspiratory area
185
explain basic breathing rhym
Inactive at the beginning of expiration
Automatically activated 3 seconds after due to
impulses generated by autorhythmic neurons
Nerve impulses last ~2 seconds and reach the
diaphragm via the phrenic nerves
Diaphragm contracts and inspiration occurs
After 2 sec, inspiratory muscles relax for ~3 sec and cycle
repeats
186
during quiet breathing, neurons of the expriatory area remain BLNK
inactive
187
during forceful ventiallyion nerve impulses from the inspirty area do what
activate the expiratory area
| Causes contraction of internal intercostal and abdominal muscles
188
where is the pneumotaxic area locatied
in the superior portion of the pons
189
what area helps coordinate the transition b/w inspiration and expiration
pneumotaxic area
| and also apneustic area
190
what is the major function of the pneumotaxic area
Major function is to help turn off inspiratory area before
| lungs become too full of air
191
impulses from the pneumotaxic area limit the duration of what
duration of inspiratio nand faciliate the onset of expriamtionn
192
when pneumotaxic acvtiyiy increases, what happens to breathing rate
more rapid
193
where is the apneustric area location
located in the inferio rportion of the pons
194
what is the major function nof the apneustric area
Sends stimulating impulses to the inspiratory area that
| activate it and prolong inspiration, inhibiting expiration
195
the apneustic area occurs when the pneumotaxix area is inactive or active
inactive
196
Rhythm can be modified in response to input from other regions of the brain and receptors in the PNS:
what are the 3 influences
* Cortical influence
* Chemical influence
* The inflation reflex
197
why can we altern our pattern of breathing voluntariliy
because of the cerebral cortex has conncetions with respiratory centers
198
explain how the cortical influence of respiration can be protective
preventing water or irritaiong gases from entering the lungs
199
what is the cortical influence of respinnspation controlled by
by build up of CO2 and h+ in the blood
200
Besides the cortex!, what other places are there nerve impulses that stimulate respiration control allowing emotional stimuli to alter
respiration (cortical control)
hypothalamus and limbic system
201
Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus and limbic system also
| stimulate BLANK and what does that allow
respiration control \allowing emotional stimuli to alter
| respiration
202
explain chemical regulation of respiration
certain cehmical stim modulate how quickly and deeply we breathe
203
what do chemoreceptors monitor
blood elvels of co2 and o2 and provide input to the respiratory center
204
where are central chemorecepts located and what do they respond tto
• Located in medulla oblongata
• Respond to changes in H+ and CO2 concentration
in CSF
205
where are peripheral chemorecepros locatted
Located in walls of systemic aa., relay impulses
| to respiratory center
206
what are peripheral chemoreceptors sensory to cahgnes to
• Sensitive to changes in CO2 in the blood
207
where are peripheral chemorecprots found
• Found in the aortic body and carotid body
208
the sensory fibers of the peripheral cehmoreceptors joint what
• Sensory fibers join CN X (vagus)
209
the innflationn reflex is controlled by whatt
baroreceptors
210
where are barrorecprots located
Located in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles
211
what are baroraecpeors
stretch sensory receptos
212
explain barorecpeors
Become stretched during over-inflation of the lungs and send nerve
impulses along the vagus nerve (CN X) to inspiration and apneustic areas
• Expiration begins and stretch receptors are no
longer stimulated
213
what is the effect of execrise on the respiratory system
* Increased rate of blood flow through the lungs
* Increased pick-up of O2
* Rate at which O2 diffuses from the alveolar air to the blood is increased
• Blood flows through a greater percentage of pulmonary capillaries providing a greater S.A. for diffusion of O2 into
the blood
• O2 consumption, CO2 production and ventilation increases
dramatically
