lecture 6: CNS brain Flashcards
1
Q
how much does the brain weigh
A
3lbs
2
Q
what does the brain do in general
A
cotnrols activities of the body
=receives info about bodys inner workings and about the outside world via to SC and PNS
3
Q
what is gyri
A
the outward folds
4
Q
what is sulci
A
the inwards folds
5
Q
what is a fissure
A
deep sulcus
6
Q
what do gyri and sulci do
A
increase the surface area of the brain
important for when brain grows
7
Q
true or false: the gyri and sulci are different on everyone
A
false, they are the same
8
Q
be able to locate sulci and gyri
A
/
9
Q
what are the two gyri lpateral to the central sulcus
A
precentral and postcentral gyrus
10
Q
where is the precentral gyrus lucated
A
immediately anterior to central sulcus
11
Q
what cortex is the precentral gyrus reposbile for
A
motor cortex
12
Q
what are the tracts that leave the precentral gyrus called
A
pyrimidal tracts (go to pyramids in medulla oblongata)
and or corticospinal tracts (leaving cortex and going to spinal cord)
13
Q
where is the post central gyrus
A
immediately posterior to the central sulcus
14
Q
what cortex is the post central responsinle for
A
sensory cortex
15
Q
what are the tracts that come to the post central gyrus
A
spinothalic and spinocerebellar tracts
16
Q
if signal reaches cortex that means we can conciously/unconciously perceive it
A
conciously
17
Q
what are the 4 major fissures
A
longitudinal cerebral fissure
• transverse fissure
• lateral sulci/fissure
• central sulcus
18
Q
in what plane is the longitudinal cerebral fissure
A
mid sag. plane
19
Q
what does the longitudinal cerebral fissure seperate
A
seperates partially the 2 cerebral hemispheres
20
Q
the longitudinal cerebral fissure is a shallow or deep sulcus
A
deep
21
Q
what is the longitudinal cerebral fissure occupied by
A
falx cerebri
22
Q
is the transverse fissure anterior or posterior
A
posterior
23
Q
where does the tramversr fissure lie?
A
between the occpital lobe and cerebebellum
24
Q
what lies in the longitudinal cerebral fissure
A
dural membrane, falx cerebri
25
what is the dural extension that seperates the 2 cerebellar hemisphere called
falx cerebelli
26
what does the central sulcus seprate
pre and post central gyrus
| seperates fromtal from parietal lobes
27
where is the lateral sulcus/fissure located
between temporal and frontal love
28
what is formed in embryo in terms of brain dev.
a neural tube is formed from which 3 cavities or
| sections will develop
29
what are the 3 cavities/sections that are devlopped from the neural tube
Prosencephalon (telencephalon, diencephalon)
* Mesencephalon
* Rhombencephalon (metencephalon, myelencephalon)
30
the Prosencephalon (forebrain) further divides into what
(telencephalon, diencephalon)
31
the telecephalon becomes what in the mature brain
cerebrum
32
the diencephalon becoemes what in mature brain
thalamus, hypothalamus, epothalamus
33
the • Mesencephalon becames what in mature brain
midbrain
34
what does the • Rhombencephalon further divide into
(metencephalon, myelencephalon)
35
what does the (metencephalon, become in a mature brain
pons and cerebellum
36
what does themyelencephalon further divide into
medulla oblongata
37
what does the inner neural tube become in a mature brain
ventricles (always connected)
38
the cerebrum is part of what
prosencephalaon (telencephalon)
39
the cerebrum is divided in what plane and into what
sagittal plane into two halves
| =right and left cerebral hemispheres
40
each hemsphere controls activities of the opposite or same side
opposite
41
true or false: since Each hemisphere controls activities of the opposite side of the body, they are not connected
false, they are conneced to allow information to crossover
42
true or false: Hemispheres are mirror images (completely the same)
false but there are functional distinctions between them
43
where is dev and use of language located in most people
left hemisphere
44
what areas are located in the right hemisphere
areas that govern 3d visualization and artisitic creations
45
each hemis has how many lobes
4
46
what ar the 4 lobes of the hemis
frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital
47
what is the 5th lobe that lies deep to cortex and medial to temporal lobe called
insula
48
where is the insula located
5th lobe lies deep to the cortex and medial to the temporal
49
be able to locate lobes
.
50
cerebrum is made up of what matter
grey and white
51
what is grey matter
```
ceebral cortex (concious mind)
unmyelinated (body and dendrites)
```
52
what is white matter
the myelinated parts (axons)
53
be able to identiy white, grey mattera
.
54
the internal white matter containes myelinated fibers extending in 3 major directions, what are they
commisural tracts
assocaition tracts
projection tracts
55
explain comissural tracts
connect/link the 2 hemispheres
| ex: posterior/anterior comissure, corpus collosum
56
explain association tracts
assocaites 2 different region in the same hemispheres
| ex: corona radiata
57
explain projection tracts
connects upper and lower parts of brain
one area of brain to a seperate region
ex: peduncle
58
what is basal ganglia
several masses of grey ara (2 areas)
59
what are the 3 main strcutres of the basal ganglia
caudate nucleus
amygdala
lentiform nucleous
60
what is the lentiform nucelous further divided itnto
globus pallidus, putamen
61
where is the caudaute nucleus located
next to lateral ventricle
62
what is another na,e for amygdala
amygdaloid body/nucleus
63
internal capsule is made from grey or white matter
white matter
64
true or false: lateral ventricle and caudate nucleus have same shaope
true
65
be abke ti label.locate basal ganglia
.
66
what does basal ganglia do
Relay station for motor impulses
• Control large unconscious (autonomic) movements of skeletal
muscles
• Control initiation, termination and intensity
67
what does disorders of the basal ganglia bring about
involuntary contractions of the sksetal muscles
68
what are 2 examples of disorders of basal ganglia
msucle spasticity
| parkinsons disease
69
what is common in muscle spas and parkinsons disease
there is a disruption of the msucle movement integrity
70
what three structures make up the diecnephalon
epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus
71
explain diencephalon
dia-through
| encephalon-brain
72
what are the two most pominant structures of the diecnephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
73
what are the two endocrine glands of the diencephalon
pineal and pituitary gland
74
be able to locate the diecneoalpon
graphs
75
what matter is the thalamus made from
two masses of gray matter
76
what are the two masses of gray matter connected by
intermediate mass (interthalamic adhesion)
77
what surrounds the third ventricle
the thalamus
78
what is the priciple relay station for sensory (afferent impulses) travelling to the cerebral cortex
thalamus
79
the thalamus is the priciple relay station for what
sensory (affecrent) impulses travelling to cerebral cortex
80
what is considered the "gateway to cortex"
thalamus
81
true or false: thalamus relays only for sensory
false also for involuntnary motor impoulses travelling outwards
82
the thalmus is invovled with early or late conciois recognition
early concious recognition of senstaions related to survival (P, T, touch and pressire)
83
true or false; in the thalamus alone you can easily locaet pain
false, you can feel it but cannot locatze it until the thalmus sends the impulse to the corresponding part in the ceberal cortex
84
what gland fomrs part of the roof of the 3rd ventricle
pineal gland
85
what hormone does the pineal gland secrete
at least 1, melatonin, but dunction is in doubt
86
what are some other hormones that the pineal gland may secret
FSH and LH from ant pittuairy glands and regulate body ryhtym
87
be able to lcate pineal l=bland
.
88
the hypothalamus lies above or below the thalamus
beloq
89
where is the hypothalamus housed
partially housed in the sella turcica (well protected)
90
what does the hypothalmus control
many involuntary vody activties, most which have a direct effect of homeostatis (major regulator)
controls center of the ANS (digestion, respirtation, HR)
91
what are the 6 main functions of the hypothalmus
1) control the ANS
2) production of hromones (oxytoncin ,ADH)
3) reg of emotional and behvaiortal patterns
4) reg of eating and drinking
5) control of blood./body temp
6) reg of awakening and sleep patterns (sets daily schedule)
92
what are 2 projections from the hypothalamus
mamillary bodies
| pituitary gland
93
where do the mamillary bodies lie and what are they associeted with
lie at the base of the brain and hypotthalamus (2 round masses)
associated with smell
94
true or false: the pituitary gland extends frm the mamillary bodies
true
95
explain the order of these strucuttues (tuber cinerum, mamillary bodies, stalk, and pituitary gland)
mam body
tuber cinerum
pituitary stalk
pituitary
96
be able to locate the hypothalamus
.
97
what is another name for midbrain
mesencephalon
98
where is the midbrain located
b/w diencephalon and pons
99
what are the structures found in the midbrain
```
cerebral peduncles
copora quadrigemina (inerior and superior colliculi)
```
100
the cerebral peduncles are white or gray mayter
white
101
where do the cerebral peducnles connect
connect cerebrum to lower body.spinnal
102
the superior colliculi are responsible for...
sight
103
the inferior colliculi are responsible for...
hearing
104
be able to locate midbrain
.
105
what is another name for hindbrain
rhombencephalon
106
the rhobecephalon is divided in what 2 parts
1) metencphealon (pons and cerebellum)
| 2) myencephalon (medulla oblongata)
107
what is the upper part of the hindbrain
metencephalon
108
what is the lower part of the hind brain
myelencephalon
109
what is the metencephalon made up of
pons and cerebellum (part of 4th)
110
what is the myelencephalon made of
meddula oblongata
111
the pons is made up of white or gray matter
BOTH
consists of white matter on the outside and scattered masses of gray matter (nuclei) on the inside
112
what are the pons repsonible for
breathing rhytm
113
what connection does the pons
connection b/w spinal cord and brain as well as parts of the brain with eachother
114
what nerves are associated with the pons
cranial nerves
| 5,6,7,8
115
be able to locate the pons.
.
116
the cerebellum is anterior or posterior to the pons
posterior
117
true or false: the cerebellum has 2 hemisphere
true
118
what are the 3 components of th cerebellum
vermis (connects)
cerebellar cortex
arbor vitae
119
what is the vermis
connection of the 2 hemispheres of cerebellum
120
does the vermis go all the way through
no because it is interupted by the 4th ventricles
121
what do the inferior cerebellar peduncles connect
connect cerebellum to medulla oblongate
122
what do the middle cerebellar peduncles conncet
connect cerebellum to the pons
123
what do the superior cerebellar peduncles conncet
cerebellum to the midbrain
124
be able to locate the cerebellum
.
125
what is considered the automatic pilot for motor responses
cerebellum
126
what is the main region for posture and balance
cerebrllum
127
explain the function of the cerebellum
it is the main region for posture and balance
fine tuning of movements through constant feedback ,rtesolves differences b/w intended movement and actial movement
128
what do the cerebllar peduncles carry sensory ingo
carries sensory info from organs in muscles joints and the inner ear
129
what are the 3 functions of the cereballar peduncles
carry sensory info from sensory organs in muscles joints and the inner ear
enable brain to determine status of voluntary motor activites, equilibrum and balance
coordinate and provide presicion to skeletal contraction initiuated by cerebrum
130
is the medullar oblongata anterior, posterior inferior or superior to pons
inferior
131
when does the medllua oblongata become the spinal cord
when it exits the foramen magnum
132
what is the outside and insie of the medulla oblogate made of
outside: white matter
inside: gray matter
133
what does the white matter in the medulla oblongata consist of
ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve dibers extending btween brain and spinal cord
134
where are the pyramids found
on the medulla oblongata
135
true or false; the pyramids never connect
false, they connect at the decussion of the pyramids which allows signals to cross over
136
what are some places in the brain that allow signals to cross over
intermediate mass
anterior and posterior commisure
medulla onlongata
137
the pyramids are ascending or decsening tracts
desciening (motor)
138
what does the gray matter of the medulla oblongata consist of
reflext centers play a role in the visceral reflexes, conciousness and arousal
139
what nerves are assocaited with medualla oblongata
cranial nerves 8,9,10,11,12
140
what are the 3 main reflex centers in the medulla and pons
1) cardiac center
2) vasomotor center
3) respiratory center
141
what does the cardac setner reflex do
heart rate regulation (rate and force)
142
what does the vasomootr reflex center do
regulates blood pressure by varying the fiamter of blood vessels
143
what does the respiratory reflex center control
it is the medullary rhythmicity area
| controls dept and rhytm of breathing
144
what are the 3 protercotrs of the brain
skull
| CSF and meninges
145
where does the CSF go to
subarachnoid space in the brain and spinal cord
146
what are the 3 meninges
pia mater
arachnoid layer
dura mater
147
explain the pia mater
gentle mother
| innermost layer, soft thin goes through every crevice of the brain
148
explain the arachnoid meninges
smiliar to spider web
middle layet
(CSF in arachnoid)
149
explain the dura mater meninges
though mother
| outermost and cant stretch
150
the falx cerebri, cerebelli and tentorium cerebelli are all extensions of what meninge
dura mater
151
true or false: meninges of the brain are continous with those of the spinal cord
true
152
where are the vessels of the brain located i n
subarachnoid space
153
where does the falx cerebri extend into
the long. cerebral fissure
154
where is the falx cerebelli
in between cerebella hemisphere
| can onlyo go as far as the vermis
155
where is the tentorium cerebelli
divides the cerebrum from cerebellum
| into the tranvsere fissure
156
the BLANK extends into the long. cerebral fissure
falx cerebri
157
the BLANK extends in to the transverse fissure
tentorium cerebelli
158
where is cerebral spinal fluid produced
within ventricles
159
what are the ventricles are where are they located
```
two lateral ventricles (one in each hemi)
third ventricle (center of diencephalon)
4th ventricle (in between cerebellum and medulla oblongata)
```
160
how does CSF leak
the interventricular foramen
cerebral aqeuduct
foramen of lushka
foramen of magendie
161
what does the cerebral aqeuduct connect
3rd to 4th
162
what does the intterventricular foreament connect
lateral to 3rd
163
the foramen of lushka brings CSF where
to the brain
164
the foramen of magendie brings CSF tto where
spinal cord
165
what is CSF formed by
by filttration of blood plasma thorough the dense networks of capillaries called the chroid plexus
166
what filters the blood plasma
choric plexus
167
true or false; chroid plexus is just capilarries in the centtricles
true
168
capilaries walls of the CP and supporting neuroglia form what
blood brain barrier
