lecture 3: the vert and ribs, paravertebral muscles Flashcards
1
Q
what is the main function of the intervertrebral disks
A
shock absorptionn
2
Q
what extends from the base of the skull to the pelvis
A
the vertebral colium
3
Q
the verebtal columbs supports…
A
trunk and weight of the body
4
Q
what are vertebra held in place by `
A
1) intervertbral disks
2) intervertebral ligaments
3) deep muscles of the back
5
Q
how nany vertbera are there
A
33
6
Q
what are the 5 regions of the vert. column and the numbers
A
cervical (7) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) sacrium *5 fused cocgym (4 fused sometimes 3-5)
7
Q
what are the 3 fucntions of the vertebral columb
A
enclose/protect spinal cord
support head
attachment for ribs, pelvis muscles of the back
8
Q
what are some examples of muscles that attach to thevertebra
A
psoas, rhomboids, levator scap
9
Q
what are the features of a typical vertebrae
A
body vertebral arch (pedicles and lamina) spinous process tranverse process articulating process and facets (unite verbta below and above by zygapospheal joints)
10
Q
what is the most anterior portion of the vertebtral
A
nbody
11
Q
what is the weight nbearing portion of the verteba
A
body
12
Q
what is the most posterior aspect of vertable s
A
spinous
13
Q
what to the lamina link
A
link the tranverse to spinous
14
Q
what joints link verbeas
A
zygapophyseal (DSA) joints
15
Q
what are the 3 general features of verebtal
A
vertebral foramen/canal
interbertbeal foramen
intervertbral disks
16
Q
cervical vertebra provide support for the.././
A
head
17
Q
which is the smallest and lightest vereba
A
cervical
18
Q
true ro false: cervical are the only vert with transverse formaen and why
A
true because it holds the vertbreal artery
19
Q
which cervical are the most mobile of the C spine
A
c4-c5 and c5-c6
20
Q
which is the most prominent spinous process
A
c7
21
Q
which vertebral are usually bifid
A
c2 to c6
22
Q
what is another name for c1
A
atlas
23
Q
where does atlas articualte
A
with the occpital condules
24
Q
which vertebral does not have a body
A
atlas
25
true or flase: c1 has a very small superior articulating process with smooth carticlarge covered sufaces
false very large
26
what movement does c1 allow
flexion and exteion (yes)
27
true or false: the c1 does not have a spinous process but rather a psoterior tubercle
true
28
wht is the indentyfinh feature of the c2
dens
| odontoid
29
what is another name for c2
axis
30
what motion does c2 allows
rotating sie to side (no )
31
atlas pivots around blank
around odontoid process
32
what is the issue with a whiplash injury
if tranverse lig is injury, dens can proteude psoterior and injury spinal cord
33
what is the main function of throacic vert
allow for rotation
34
are cervical or thoracic larger
thoracic
35
which vertberea has a long pointed spinous process projecting down
thoracic
36
what limits motion in thoracic
long spinous process pointed fown
37
what is the only vertebra that articulars with the ribs
thoracic
38
what are the joints that connect ribs and throcaic
costtovertebrak
39
what makes the thoracic vertbrea unique
they have smoothe facets on their bodies and t process to artcicualte with ribs
40
which thoracic dont have facets on t process
t11-t12
41
true or false : the superior and inferior articualr facetts are mostly in what place im thoracoc
frontalal (coronal)
42
what are the ribs that only articular with 1 vertbram
rib 1, rib 10,11,12
43
name the facets of t1
superior facet
| inferior demi facet
44
name the facets of t2-t8
super/inf demi facets
45
name the facets of t9
superior demi facet
46
name the facets of t10-t12
superior facett
47
why are there no transverse facets on t11 and t12
because of the floating ribs
48
true or false: lumbar is larger and thicker than just cervical
false also thracic
49
which lumbar allow for significant flexion anf extension
l4-l5 and l5-s1
50
what is the main movement of lumbar vertbra
flexion and extension of spine
51
where is disc /facet degendation common in lumbar and why
in l4-l5 and l5-s1 because they allow for significant flexion and extension movemens
52
which bone is large and triangular
sacrum
53
what forms the psoterior part of the pelvis
sacrum
54
when are the 5 sacrum bones completely fused
byage 30
55
the spinous processes of the sacrum are still present and called what
median sacral crest
56
true or false: the disks are largery replaced by bone in the sacrum
true
57
tthe superior articualted processes of the sarcum artticulate with wahat
L5th verebttra
58
true or false: S1 is never free
false rarrly is ti
59
is it ever possible for l5 to be compoelte fused ot sacrum
yes
60
what is the sacral canal
continuation of the vertebral canal
61
what is the sacral hiatus
end of canal
62
what are the 4 pairs of openings along the side of the median crest called
dorsal and ventrtal sacral foramina
63
when do coxyn become fused
20-30 years only
64
how is the coccyx attached to the sacrum
through ligaments
65
what are the primary curves
kyphotic curves (and thoracicsacrum and cocyx)
66
what are the secondary curves
lordoctic curves (cervical and lumbar)
67
what are spinal curves affected by
```
posture
activuty (like insactivty of dominant sides)
obesity
pregnancy
trauma
disease
```
68
what is lordosis
exagerated curvine in the L spine (can also be cervical)
69
what is kyphosis
exagerative curving in tspine
70
what is scoliosis
lateral deviation of the spinne from the midline
71
what are the 2 ways you get scoliosis
1) strcutural (born with it)
| 2) funtional (compensation)
72
wht muscles push the pelvic wheel up
erector spinea and abdominals
73
what muscles push the pelvic wheen down
glutes hams and hip flexors
74
what is the outer fibrous ring of the discs called
annulus fibrosus
75
what is the inner elastic structure of the disks
nucleous polposus
76
true or false and why
| no discs found between occiput and c1 as well as c1 and c2
c1 and. c2=dens
77
where is the last intervertebrak disk located
between s5 and co1
78
what largery affects intervertbral disks
aging effects
79
the thoraccic vertbatea, sternum and ribs make up the...
thoracic cage
80
what does the thoracic cage form
partial enclosure around organs of chest
81
what is the fucntion of the thoracic cage
supports shoulder girdle and upper limb
| protects internal organs
82
what is the inferior portion of the thoracic cage sealed by
thoracic diaphram
83
what is the sternum
flat narror bone located along the vertical midline of chest
84
what are the 3 major parts of the sternum
1) manubrium (super)
2) body (middle)
3) xyphoid process (inf)
85
the first rib is attached to the...
manubrium
86
the ribs 2-10 attach to what
the body of the sternum
87
true or false; tthe xyphoid process always stays cartilage
false, it ossifies completed by age 40
88
where does the sternum articualte with
with clavicles superioly and ribs by the way of caritlages along the lateral borders
89
how many pairs of ribs do we have
12
90
each pair of ribs attaches with which verttbera and where
thoracic vertebra (on body and tranverse process)
91
the ribs attach to the sternum via what
the costal cartilages
92
what are the true ribs and why are they called that
1-7= true ribs
| because there form a firect line with the sternum
93
what are the false ribs and why
8-12 because they are not directly linked to the sternum
94
what are the last two pairs (sometimes three) of ribs called
floating ribs
95
what are the 4 features of a typica lrib
shaft, head, tubercle, costal groove
96
what is the space b/w each rib called
intercostal space
97
the rib movemnt makes up for what percentage of respirotry effort
25
98
what is the costal angle
the angle where the ribs move from posterior to anteriorly
99
paravertebral msucles are blank to the spine
parallel
100
what are the 3 groups that paravertbral muscles are divided in
superfical
itnermediate
deep
101
the superficial and intermediate group are composed of what type of muscles
extrinsic
102
the deep group of paravertbea muscles are considrec what type of muscles
intrinsic
103
what does it mean to be extrinsic
having its origin away from the part that it moves.
104
what do the superficial paravertberal muscles control
limb movement and connect upper limb to trunk
105
where does the nerve supply for the superficial paravertebral come from
ventral rami of cervical nerves
106
what are some examples of superficial paravertrbal muscles
lat dorsi
trapezius
lev. scap
rhomboids
107
what do the intermediate paravertebtral msucles control
respitory movements
108
what are the 2 intermediate para. muscles
serratus posterior sup. (deep to rhom)
| serratous psoter. inf (deep to lats)
109
serratus psoterior sup is innervated by ///
fisrt 4 intercostal nerves
110
serratus psoterior inferior is innervated by what
the last 4 itnecostal nerves
111
what are the 3 layers of the deep msucles of the back
superior, middle and deep
112
what are the deep (intrinsic muscles) innervated by
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
113
what is the fucntion of the deep (intrinsic muscles)
manintain posture, control movements of the vertebral columb
114
the deep (intrinsic) muscles extend from ...
pelvis to skull
115
what are the deep intrinsinc msucles enclosed by
fascia
116
where does the fascia attach medially to
medially to lig. nuchae, spinous process, supraspinous lig and median sacral crest
117
where does the fascia attach laterally to
to cervical and lumbar trtanverse process and rib angles
118
the thoracic and lumbar part of of the facia make up what
the thoracolumbar fascia
119
whta is the only superfical (intridinc muscle)
splenius
120
where is the splenius muscle located
on the posterolateral apect of neck
121
what is the function of splenius muscle
covers c=vertical neck muscles, hold deep muscles in position
122
what are the 2 categories of splenius muscles
cervicis
| capitis
123
where does the splenius cervisis finish on
cervical vertebra
124
where does the splenius capitis finish on
the skull
125
be able to lcoate the splenous muslce
126
true or false: the splenious msucle is deep to the lats
false, deep to traps
127
what is the msucle group of the intermediate deep muscles
erector spinae
128
the muscles of the erector spinae make of the BLANK muscles of the vertebral columb
extensor
129
what muscle dievides into the 3 distinc muscles with one common origin
erector spinae
130
true or false: the lliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis all have 1 common orrigin
true
131
what are the 3 distinc muscles of the erector spinae
illiocostalis (lateral)
longissimus (Intermediate)
spinalis (medial)
132
organruze these from medial to lat.
| spinalis, iliocostalis, longissium
spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis
133
what are the 3 subsets of iliocostalis
iliocostalis lumborum, thoracis, cervicsis
134
true or false: all the muscles of the eretcor spinae have a section on lumbar, thoracis and cervical
false, only iliocostalis goes to lumborum
135
what are the 3 subsets of longissimus
longissimus thoracis, cervicis, capitus
136
what are the 3 subsets of spinalis
thoracis, cervicis, capitus
137
to acces the deep intrinsic muscles, what muscle needs to be cut
erector spinae
138
what are the 6 deep intrinsic muscles
```
semispinalis
multifidus
rotadores
interspinalis
intertranvesus
levator costarum
```
139
wht are the 3 subsets of semispinalis
capitus, thoracic, cervisis
140
what are the 3 muscles collectively known as the tranversospinal muscle group
multifidus
semispinalis
rotatores
141
whta is the muscle immediately deep to erector spineae
multifidus
142
what muscles come always as a pair
interspinanlis
143
where can you find the interspinalis muscle
in between spinous processus
144
where can you find the intertranversus muscles
in between the tranverse muscle
145
where can you find the levaotr corstarum
tranverse process to ribs
146
true or false: the rotatdore is split into longus and brevis
true
147
true or false: the rotadore longus jumps 4 levels
false 2
148
what is the muscle called that originates on cervical vertibrae and inserts on 1+2 ribs
scalene
149
id the middle scalene psoterior to anterior scalene
false, it is deep
150
what muscle do the brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass through
anterior and middle scalene
151
At the level of L1, the spinal cord ends and what begins
the cauda equina begins.
152
Where do the rotators finish
Base of the spinous process
