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Microbiology Exam 2 > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

Control of Microorganisms

1
Q

How can you physically control microorganisms?

A

Heat, radiation, or filtration

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2
Q

How can you chemically control microorganisms?

A

Antiseptics, antibiotics, and disinfectants

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3
Q

Define cidal agent

A

To kill

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4
Q

What is an example of cidal cleaning?

A

Washing hands with disinfectant

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5
Q

Define static agent

A

Doesn’t kill the organism, but doesn’t allow it to grow

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6
Q

Why is static inhibition useful?

A

It gives you body a chance to destroy the bacteria before it get out of control

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7
Q

Define inhibitor agent

A

Slowing the growth of the organism

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8
Q

Define ineffective agent

A

Does nothing, possibly due to resistance

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9
Q

T or F - Resistance is the only reason for an ineffective agent

A

False, anti-microbials are ineffective against spores for reasons other than resistance.

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10
Q

Name all the effects an agent can have on bacterial growth

A

Cidal (killing), static (no growth), inhibitor (slow growth) and ineffective

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11
Q

What are the three factors pertaining to the agent’s effectiveness?

A

Amount, time, and temperature

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12
Q

What factor is concentration under?

A

Amount for chemical agents

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13
Q

What factor is intensity under?

A

Amount for physical agents

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14
Q

T or F - increasing concentration of a chemical will generally increase effectiveness

A

True

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15
Q

At what range of concentration is alcohol most effective?

A

70-95%

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16
Q

Is alcohol most effective at 100%?

A

No, you need some water to help the alcohol do its job

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17
Q

T or F - Alcohol works on vegetative cells and spores

A

False, alcohol doesn’t work on spores

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18
Q

Does increasing time increase the effectiveness if the agent is inhibitory?

A

No, it only increases effectiveness of a cidal agent

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19
Q

Time only increases the effectiveness of what kind of agent?

A

Cidal agents

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20
Q

How long must something be rubbed with alcohol to be effective?

A

About 15 seconds

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21
Q

Does increasing temperature increase effectiveness?

A

Yes

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22
Q

What does Clostridium botulinum cause?

A

Botulism

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23
Q

How long would you have to boil something at 100*C to kill spores?

A

About 5-9 hours

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24
Q

Is boiling something at 100*C for 5-9 hours considered effective?

A

No, it takes too long to kill spores

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25
T or F - Heating something at 113*C for 30 minutes is sporicidal
False, it takes an hour for 113* objects to become sporicidal
26
How long must you heat something at 113*C to become sporicidal?
1 hour
27
How long must you heat something at 116*C to become sporicidal?
30 minutes
28
How long must you heat something at 121*C to become sporicidal?
15 minutes
29
How long must you heat something at 135*C to become sporicidal?
3 minutes
30
What objects should not be heated for sterilization?
Heat labile objects
31
Define heat labile
Things, like ingredients in a medium, that break down with heat
32
What was the first surgical antiseptic?
Phenol
33
Phenol works well against what organism?
Staphylococcus aureus
34
T or F - Phenol should be used in high concentrations
False, Phenol is highly caustic and should never be used in high concentrations
35
A 0.1% phenol solution used indefinitely has what kind of effect?
Bacteriostatic
36
A 1% phenol solution used for 20-30 minutes has what kind of effect?
It has a cidal effect
37
How long does a 5% phenol solution have to be on the object to be cidal?
2-3 minutes
38
Will warming a phenol solution increase the effectiveness?
Yes
39
What are the factors pertaining to the organism?
Load, kind of organism, and pervious history of organism
40
Do high loads need more time for sterilization?
Yes
41
when you heat something to 121*C for 15 minutes, every 2 minutes you will kill what percent of the population?
90%
42
In the 8th minute of heating to 121*C for 15 minutes in a solution with 1,000,000 viable organisms, how many will be dead?
900,000+90,000+9,000+900= 999,900
43
In the 2nd minute of heating to 121*C for 15 minutes in a solution with 1,000,000 viable organisms, how many will be dead?
90%, 900,000
44
In the 4th minute of heating to 121*C for 15 minutes in a solution with 1,000,000 viable organisms, how many will be dead?
900,000 (2nd minute) + 90,000 (4th minute), total of 990,000
45
In the 6th minute of heating to 121*C for 15 minutes in a solution with 1,000,000 viable organisms, how many will be dead?
900,000 (2nd minute) + 90,000 (4th minute) + 9,000, totaling 999,000 dead
46
In the 10th minute of heating to 121*C for 15 minutes in a solution with 1,000,000 viable organisms, how many will be remaining?
10 organisms remaining
47
If in the 12th minute of heating to 121*C for 15 minutes in a solution with 1,000,000 viable organisms, there is 1 organism left, why do we keep heating the solution till 15 minutes?
To ensure that last organism is killed
48
What are 3 factors pertaining to the type of organism?
1. Gram (+ vs -) 2. Vegetative cells vs. spores 3. Virus vs. bacteria
49
How does gramitivity make a difference for sterilizing?
Gram - outer membrane gives the organism more resistance
50
T or F - Gram + organisms are more resistant than gram -
False, the gram - outer membrane allows the g- to be more resistant
51
How does vegetative cells vs. spores determine effectiveness?
Heating cells will take less time to kill them than heating spores
52
Why are viruses harder to kill?
They are resistant to phenol and do not dry easily
53
How long does it take for Hepatitis B to desiccate?
About 1 week
54
T or F - Younger cells are more resistant to chemicals
False, mature cells are more resistant to chemicals
55
Why are younger cells more sensitive to chemicals?
They are still making their cell wall, and have a higher rate of metabolism
56
Why are old cells more sensitive to chemicals?
They have been sitting in toxins and have become weakened
57
What 4 factors pertain to the nature of the environment?
1. Penetration 2. Inactivation 3. pH 4. Enzymes
58
What does penetration refer to when discussing factors of the environment?
Density or volume of the material and how it effects effectiveness
59
T or F - Increasing the density or volume decreases the effectiveness of the agent.
True
60
T or F - Decreasing the volume or density decreases the effectiveness of the agent
False, increasing the volume/density decreases effectiveness
61
What is an example of a factor of penetration?
1. Ultraviolet light | 2. Agar or broth
62
Is ultraviolet light penetrative?
No, it only takes a little bit of sunscreen to no longer be effected by ultraviolet light
63
Can ultraviolet light kills spores?
Yes
64
If you have more volume of material, how does that effect the amount of time something must be placed into an autoclave for?
It increases the time
65
Define colloid
Any particle that is too large to fo into solution, yet small enough that it remains suspended in the solution
66
Give examples of colloids
Bacteria, blood cells, vomit, feces, chlorine
67
Colloids are an example of what kind of factor pertaining to the environment?
Inactivation
68
T or F - pH is unable to inactivate certain particles
False
69
T or F - Iodine acid is less effective in alkaline conditions
True, it is most effective in acidic conditions
70
Define alkaline
Basic
71
To what organism are Carbapenems related to?
Penicillin
72
Why include carpenems in medication?
Kidneys will break down the carbapenems instead of the medication
73
What enzyme in kidneys breaks down carbapenems?
Dipeptidases

Microbiology Exam 2 (11 decks)

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