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Microbiology Exam 2 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are azols used for?

A

Anti-fungal

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2
Q

What is the mode of action for azols?

A

Disruption of the phosolipoprotien membrane

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3
Q

What are the two major types of azols?

A
  1. Imidazoles

2. Triazoles

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4
Q

Name the triazols

A

Fluconazol (difucan)

Voriconazole

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5
Q

Name the imidazoles

A

Clotrimazole
Miconazole
Ketoconazole

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6
Q

What is the mode of action for clotrimazole?

A

Disruption of the phosolipoprotien membrane

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7
Q

What is clotrimazole used for?

A

Systemic mycoses

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8
Q

Although clotrimazole is unable to penetrate the blood brain barrier, why have newer drugs been chosen over it?

A

It is more toxic than modern day alternatives

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9
Q

What is the mode of action for miconazole?

A

Disruption of the phosolipoprotien membrane

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10
Q

Miconazole is used for what disease?

A

Candiasis when it is superficial (vulvovaginitis)

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11
Q

Ketoconazole works with what kind of mode of action?

A

Disruption of the phosolipoprotien membrane

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12
Q

In what form are clotrimazole, miconazole and ketoconazole normally found in?

A

A topical cream

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13
Q

Ketoconazole is used to treat what?

A

Cadiasis when it is superfical (vulvovaginitis)

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14
Q

All three imidazoles can be used to treat what infection?

A

Mild infections of ringworm or athlete’s foot (caused by microsporum, trichophyton, and epidermophyton)

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15
Q

Fluconazol is also called what?

A

Diflucon

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16
Q

What is the mode of action for fluconazol?

A

Disruption of the phosolipoprotien membrane

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17
Q

What is fluconazol used to treat?

A

Yeast infections, not really molds

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18
Q

Voriconazole is a DOC for what?

A

Systemic mycoses

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19
Q

What drug is able to penetrate the blood brain barrier, making it effective against aspersillosis?

A

Voriconazole

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20
Q

What organism produces polyene antibiotics? Where is this organism found?

A

streptomyces which is found in the soil

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21
Q

What is the mode of action of polyene antibiotics?

A

attacks the cell membrane by binding with sterols

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22
Q

What organisms do polyene antibiotics effect?

A

us and fungi

they do not work against bacteria as they don’t have sterols in their membrane

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23
Q

Name the sterol in human cell membranes

A

cholesterol

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24
Q

name the sterol in fungi cell membranes

A

ergosterol

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25
Are polyene antibiotics cidal, inhibitory, static, or ineffective against their intended target?
cidal
26
Name the 2 types of polyene antibiotics
nystatin and amphotericin B
27
What is Nystatin a DOC for? what is it an alternate for?
It is not a DOC or an alternate for anything
28
What is Nystatin commonly used against?
dermatophyte yeast infections (superficial on the skin's surface)
29
What does Candida albicans cause?
``` dermatophyte yeast infections (superfical) oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) vulvovaginal candidiasis (genital yeast infection) ```
30
What forms does nystatin come in?
creams, lozenges, and oral rinses
30
What is anphotericin B a DOC for? an alternate for? What else is it given for?
Is a DOC for systemic mycosis not an alternate for anything also given for severe candidiasis
31
What is systemic mycosis and what causes it?
a fungal infection that attacks the inside of the body in the organ systems caused by aspergillosis
32
What is aspergillosis? Who gets it?
a dimorphic fungi that looks like mold at 25 degrees C and looks like yeast at 37 degrees Genetics and immune system strength determine if you are susceptible to it
33
how is amphotericin B given?
IV
34
List off the chemical methods which disrupt the lipoprotein membrane
detergents polymyxins polyene antibiotics Azoles
35
What are surfactants and what do they do?
they are molecules with similar solubility to the chemicals in the cell membrane (polar head and non polar tail, amphipathic) they insert themselves into the cell membrane, disrupting it they are cidal but non selective
36
What does amphipathic mean?
having a polar end and a non polar end for example: surfactants are amphipathic as are lipoprotiens which make up cell membranes
37
What happens to the cell membrane when exposed to low concentrations of surfactants? to high concentrations of surfactants?
at low concentration- distort the membrane | at high concentration- dissolve the cell membrane by poking holes in it
38
Name the types of Detergents
cationic detergents anionic detergents nonionic detergents
39
What is the mode of action of detergents? Are they selective? Are they cidal?
disrupt the lipoprotein membrane They are non selective (damage bacteria, fungi and us depending on the drug) They are cidal
40
Which of the detergents is most active?
cationic detergents
41
Which of the detergents is mildly active?
anionic detergents
42
Which of the detergents has no activity?
nonionic detergents
43
Name some examples of cationic detergents
benzal alkonium chloride benzal ammonium chloride cetyl-pyridinium chloride
44
What are cationic detergents good against? What aren't they good against
Good against: G+ bacteria ``` Bad against: G- bacteria (b/c of outer membrane) TB Hepatitis B spores ```
45
How is the toxicity of cationic detergents?
low toxicity, can be used in food industry and hospitals (against staph and strep)
46
What are anionic detergents good against?
``` organism which are sensitive such as: meningococcus syphilis streptococcus pneumonia gonorrhea (gonococcous) ```
47
What are some examples of anionic detergents?
sodium lauryl sulfate | bile salts such as McConkey's agar and Taxo P discs
48
What is McConkey's agar used for?
to kill the G+ bacteria and allow only G- to grow out
49
Name an example of nonionic detergents
bland soap
49
What is the mode of action of polymyxins?
disruption of the lipoprotein membrane
50
Are polymyxins cidal? are they selective?
they are cidal | they are nonselective (affect anything with a lipoprotein membrane)
51
What produces polymyxins?
soil bacteria, specifically the bacillus species
52
Are detergents ampipathic?
yes
53
Are polymyxins ampipathic?
yes
54
What are the most frequently used polymyxins?
polymyxins B and E aka colistin
55
Describe polymycin B including spectrum, toxicity, form commonly found in (cream, tablet, iv, etc), what bacteria it is used on
``` Polymyxin B: narrow spectrum very toxic (not a DOC) used against resistant bacteria such as acinetobacter is used topically ```
56
What are acinetobacter? What Do they cause? Give an example
``` G- rods non fermenters normally cause nosocomical infections very resistant to antibiotics can cause pneumonia and meningitis and example is pseudomonus pasogenus ```
57
What is an OTIC infection? what can be used to treat it?
otitis externa- outer ear infection | can be treated with polymyxin B topically
58
What kinds of infections can be trated with polymyxin B topically?
OTIC Opthalic infections skin infections (found in triple antibiotic creams)
59
What is kirby bauer? describe it | what are the break points?
a disc diffusion technique can test multiple antibiotics at one time the break points are the zone of inhibition Drugs are classified as R(esistant), S(ensitive), or I(ntermediate) Qualitative data
60
What is MIC? describe it | what are the break points?
minimum inhibitory concentration- tube dilution technique can only test one antibiotic at a time have different dillutions of the antibiotic across the tubes The break point is the tube with the lowest concentration that does not grow bacteria; optimal therapy for blood concentration
61
What is the MIC for ampicillin and E. Coli?
4 micrograms per millileter
62
What are some delivery methods to achieve optimal therapy?
oral drugs IM (intra muscular) IV (intra venus)
63
What is the MBC? how is it determined?
Minimum bacteriacidal concentration Take the MIC tubes that didn't grow bacteria and make agar plates. The lowest concentration tube that doesn't grow bacteria is the MBC (killed them instead of inhibiting growth)
64
What is the E-test? how does it compare to other methods such as MIC and kirby bauer?
diffusion technique, gives MIC without doing serial dilutions strip of varying concentrations of an antibiotic very expensive not as accurate as serial dilutions, can't give MBC
65
What is DOC? who publishes it?
drug of choice- most active drug against and organism which causes the least amount of harm published by the medical letter
66
What is polymyxin E used for?
treatment of otitis exterma
67
What are the antibiotics in thayer martin selective agar?
vancomycin to kill G+ Colistin (a combination of polymyxin B and E) to kill G- Nystatin to inhibit yeast
68
Name a dimorphic fungi
Aspergillosis

Microbiology Exam 2 (11 decks)

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