Lecture 15 Flashcards
1
Q
How are chemicals classified?
A
By their mode of action
2
Q
Name 6 modes of action
A
- Protein Denaturization
- Disrupting the phospholipioprotien membranes
- Suppression of cell wall synthesis
- Antimetabolites
- Inhibiting protein synthesis
- Inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis
3
Q
What bonds are effected by protein coagulation
A
H bonds and disulfide bonds
4
Q
Define narrow spectrum
A
It effects only a small number of microbes (commonly only g- or g+)
5
Q
Do viruses have protoplasms?
A
No, they have proteins on the exterior
6
Q
What does IV mean?
A
Intravenus
7
Q
Is protein coagulation reversible?
A
No
8
Q
Is protein coagulation cidal, static, or inhibitory?
A
Cidal
9
Q
Is protein coagulation broad spectrum?
A
Yes, it is effective against G+ and G-, viruses, protazoa, fungi, and humans
10
Q
What does protein coagulation kill?
A
Bacteria, viruses, protazoa, fungi, even humans
11
Q
Define systemically
A
Interior of the body
12
Q
Where are protein coagulation agents normally used?
A
Externally, not systemically
13
Q
Name some Alkalies and Acids
A
HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 (Used mainly in research) and NaOH, KOH (also used mainly in research)
14
Q
What is the mode of action for Alkalies and acids?
A
Protein coagulation
15
Q
When are alkales and acids most commonly used?
A
In research due to strength
16
Q
Is ammonia hydroxide (NH4OH) a sterilent?
A
No, it is a disinfectant
17
Q
What is the mode of action of ammonia hydroxide?
A
Protein coagulation
18
Q
What is benzoic acid commonly used as?
A
A preservative because it also acts as an antifungal (mostly in sodas)
19
Q
What is the mode of action for benzoic acid?
A
Protein coagulation
20
Q
What is propionic acid commonly used for?
A
An antifungal in breads
21
Q
What is the mode of action for propionic acid
A
Protein coagulation
22
Q
Name an salt of propionic acid
A
Calcium propionate
23
Q
Name an example of benzoic acid
A
Sodium benzoate or potassium benzoate
24
Q
Which of the following is used as an antifungal in bread?
- Sodium benzoate
- Potassium benzoate
- HNO3
- Calcium proprionate
A
- Calcium proprionate
25
How effective is phenol?
Intermediate effectiveness
26
T or F - Phenol remains effective in the presence of organic matter (feces, urine, vomit)
True
27
Against what kind of cell is phenol strongly microbiocidal against?
Vegetative cells
28
Name a vegetative cell that phenol is very effective against
Mycobacterium (which causes tuberculosis)
29
What does Mycobacterium cause?
Tuberculosis
30
Define analgesic
A painkiller
31
Which of the following is a painkiller?
1. Propionic acid
2. Benzoic acid
3. Phenol
4. Creol
3. Phenol
32
Give 4 disadvantages of phenol
1. Not reliably sporicidal (do not always kill spores), meaning that it is a disinfectant
2. Not good against Hepatitis B
3. Caustic, meaning that they burn
4. Will accumulate in the environment and are difficult to get rid of
33
Define caustic
Burning
34
Which of the following is NOT an antifungal?
1. Sodium Benzoate
2. Phenol
3. Calcium proprionate
4. Propionic acid
2. Phenol
35
What is phenol normally used as?
Disinfecting and a preservative in vaccines
36
Creolin, a type of Cresol, is commonly found where?
Commonly found in soaps, so as to make the creolin more soluable
37
Where is creolin commonly used?
Animal quarters
37
What is MkKesson? What does it kill?
A disinfectant with O-phenylphenol, containg 57% alcohol
| Kills TB
38
How long must MkKesson be left on (at 25*C) to disinfect?
10 minutes
39
Where is O-phenylphenol used?
In the fields, to spray plants
40
At what concentration is Hexachlorophene used in anti-bacterials?
3%
41
What chemical caused death in babies due to being placed in baby powder?
Hexachlorophene
42
Why is hexachlorophene a dangerous neurotoxin?
It sticks to your skin and is absorbed
43
How is hexachlorophene obtained?
Used to be OTC (over the counter) but is now by prescription (phisohex)
44
At what percentage can hexachlorophene be found as a preservative?
.1%
45
Hexachlorophene uses what mode of action?
Protein coagulation
46
Where is triclosan found?
Soaps, shampoos, kitty litter, toothpaste (as an anti-gingivitis agent)
47
What chemical with residual action is found in toothpaste and an anti-gingivitis agent?
Triclosan
48
What is the mode of action for Triclosan?
Protein coagulation
49
What phenol is capable of interrupting hormones?
Triclosan
50
What two bacteria is triclosan commonly used against?
1. Psendomonas Aeruginosa
| 2. Acinetobacter
51
You are in the hospital when a non-fermenter, Psendomonas Aeruginosa gets on your skin. What disinfectant should you use?
1. O-phenylphenol
2. Chlorhexidine
3. Thimerosal
4. Triclosan
4. Triclosan
52
What chemical has replaced hexachlorophene in a lot of hospitals?
Chlorhexidine
53
What is the mode of action for Chlorhexidine?
Protein coagulation
54
Chlorhexidine has residual action. Why is it not as dangerous as the chemical it has replaced, hexachlorophene?
It doesn't get deep enough to be absorbed by the blood stream
55
A 2% solution of chlorhexidine is commonly used to clean what?
Catheters
56
How is chlorhexidine normally found?
In a 4% solution with 4% isopropyl
57
Cresyl acetate is commonly used as what?
An anti-septic and analgesic
58
For what tissues is Cresyl acetate commonly used for?
Mucus membranes, like the ear, nose, and throat
59
How effective are salts of heavy metals at protein coagulation?
Low effectivness
60
Why are the salts of heavy metals not commonly used for healing tissues?
It delays healing in tissues, and is often inactivated in the presence of organic matter. It is also toxic
61
Mercuric bichloride was the longest used disinfectant. Why did we stop using it?
It turns out mercury is kinda toxic.
62
What is the mode of action for Mercuric bichloride?
Protein coagulation
63
What is another name for Thimerosal?
Merthiolate
64
Due to its toxicity, thimerosal is slowly being removed from use (and was officially removed from the market in 1998). What can it still be commonly found in, though in very small concentrations?
Vaccines
65
Silver Nitrate is used a lot in what?
Research and coating catheters
66
What did Silver Nitrate used to help prevent?
Opthalmia Neonatorum (in the eyes to prevent gonorrhea and chlamydia trachomatis)
67
What replaced silver nitrate?
Erythromycin
68
Argyrol is used on what tissue?
Mucus membranes
69
What is the mode of action for silver nitrate?
Protein coagulation
70
Argyrol is found in products as a what?
Preservative, since it is not an very effective anti microbial
71
What is the most common operation for Argyrol to be used in?
opthalmic operations
72
T or F - Argyrol is the most effective heavy metal salt anti-microbial
False, Argyrol is a very poor anti-microbial
73
What is the chemical makeup up silver sulfadiazine?
A silver in combination with a sulfa drug (antibiotic)
74
Silver sulfadiazine is an example of two chemicals becoming more effective when combined. What is this called?
Synergism
75
Where is silver sulfadiazine most commonly used? What is it preventing?
On burn patients to prevent pseudomonas
76
Zinc oxide and zinc chloride serve what purpose in mouthwashes?
It is a perservative
77
Zinc oxide is used as what?
An antifungal ointment
78
What is the mode of action for argyrol
Protein coagulation
79
What is the mode of action for Zinc?
Protein coagulation
80
What is the mode of action for copper?
Protein coagulation
81
Miner used copper sock to control what kind of infections?
Fungal infections
82
T or F - Copper has high toxicity, but no residual action
False, copper has high toxicity and leaks very slowly
83
Is alcohol a disinfectant or a sterilant?
Disinfectant. Does not kill spores
84
How does molecular weight relate to the effectiveness of the alcohol?
The higher the weight, the more effective
85
How effective is methanol as an alcohol?
Not very effective
86
Rubbing alcohol (70%) is commonly used. What alcohol is in rubbing alcohol?
Ethanol or Isopropyl
87
How long must rubbing alcohol (70% ethanol) be on your skin to be effective?
10-15 seconds
88
How long must rubbing alcohol (70% isopropyl) be on your skin to be effective?
10-15 seconds
89
What makes isopropyl more advantageous over ethanol?
Isopropyl still works in concentrations as low as 35%, while ethanol does not
90
What is the mode of action for alcohols?
Protein coagulation
91
Where can you find benzyl being used?
In low concentrations in IV solutions for adults
92
Why is benzyl not used to treat babies?
It is very toxic, and while adults can metabolize it, babies cannot
93
T or F - Benzyl is not very soluble in water
True
94
Name all 4 major categories of agents whose mode of action is protein coagulation.
1. Alkalies and acids
2. Phenols
3. Heavy metal salts
3. Alcohols
95
What chemical is used to sterilize ear tubes historically ?
Phenol
97
Name the 6 Phenols
```
phenol (duh)
cresol
o-phenylphenol
hexachlorophene
triclosan
Cresyl acetate
```
98
Name the salts of heavy metals
```
mercuric bichloride
thimerosal
silver nitrate
argrol
silver & sulfadiazine
zinc
copper
```
99
Name the alcohols
methanol
ethanol
isopropyl
benzyl alcohol
100
Give an example of a cresol
creolin
