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Clinical Pathology > Lecture 12: Renal/Urinary II > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Renal/Urinary II Flashcards

1
Q

Free catch urine sample likely is __ by lower urinary tract, reproductive tract, or GI tract

A

contaminated

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2
Q

catheter urine samples may have increase numbers of __ and/or __

A

epithelial cells and/or hemorrhage

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3
Q

what is preferred method for urine sample collection

A

cystocentesis

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4
Q

how can cold urine effect USG

A

false increase USG

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5
Q

how can old urine effect analysis

A
  1. Overgrowth bacteria
  2. Increase pH
  3. Crystal formation
  4. Degradation of cells, casts
  5. Salt precipitation- turbid
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6
Q

red urine = __ if forms pellet after centrifuged

A

Hematuria

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7
Q

amber to brown urine =

A

bilirubin

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8
Q

red to brown urine = __ if not cleared after centrifugation

A

hemoglobin or myoglobin

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9
Q

turbid urine could mean __, __ or __ are present

A

mucus, cells, crystals

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10
Q

t or f: turbid urine can be normal in horses

A

true

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11
Q

what diseases are associated with Polyuria

A

renal disease, diseases that cause medullary washout, diseases that cause NDI and CDI

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12
Q

what diseases can cause oliguria

A

dehydration, fever, acute or chronic renal disease

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13
Q

what diseases or issues can cause anuria

A

urinary tract obstruction, acute kidney injury- toxins

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14
Q

chemical composition of urine is most often measures with __

A

urine dipstick

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15
Q

what is normal pH range for dogs and cats, and ruminants and horses

A

dogs and cats: 5.5-7.5
Cows and horses: 7.5-8.5

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16
Q

Can get false proteinuria on dipstick with acidic or alkaline pH

A

alkaline

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17
Q

t or f: hemorrhage can increase protein in urine

A

true

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18
Q

what are some causes of pre-renal proteinuria

A

hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, Ig light chains, hypertension

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19
Q

what are some causes of renal proteinuria

A
  1. Glomerular disease
  2. Tubular disease
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20
Q

what are some causes for post-renal proteinuria

A

inflammation and/or hemorrhage in bladder or urogenital tract

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21
Q

what is UPC used for

A

quantify renal protein loss in relation to creatinine in urine

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22
Q

marked proteinuria with UPC >2 is associated with what disease

A

glomerular disease

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23
Q

what protein is primarily lost in glomerular disease and what can that lead to

A

albumin—> edema—> nephrotic syndrome

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24
Q

mild proteinuria with UPC <2 is associated with what disease

A

tubular disease

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25
what proteins are lost in tubular disease
small globulins
26
what may you see on urinalysis with tubular disease
casts
27
when is UPC not indicated
active sediment- presence of blood and/or inflammation (only used for renal proteinuria)
28
what is renal threshold for glucose for cats, dogs, horses, and ruminants
Cats: 280 mg/dl Dogs: 180mg/dl Horses; 150mg/dl Cows: 100mg/dl
29
glucuosuria leads to ___
osmotic diuresis
30
what are some causes of glucosuria with hyperglycemia
1. DM 2. Dextrose administration 3, excitement or stress (mild)
31
what are some causes of glucosuria without hyperglycemia
1. Excitement or stress 3. Hereditary or acquired renal tubular defects
32
what is fanconi syndrome
disease of multiple resorptive defects in proximal tubules- AA, phosphate, glucose, bicarb, calcium, potassium
33
fanconi syndrome can be due to resistance to __ leading to nephrogenic DI
ADH
34
what are some common clinical findings of fanconi syndrome
1. Euglycemia with glucosuria 2. Proteinuria 3. Isothenuria
35
what breed is fanconi syndrome common in
basenji
36
what can cause false ketonuria
1. High USG, low pH 2. Old samples, excess moisture to dipstick pad
37
what are some causes of ketonuria
1. DM 2. Starvation 3. Hypoglycemic disorders - severe GI malabsorption
38
does dipstick measure conjugated or unconjugated bilirubin
conjugated
39
t or f: bilirubinuria can be normal in dogs, but never normal in cats
true
40
urine sample and dog what wrong
Bilirubinuria
41
what is Hematuria and what are some causes
intact RBC’s in urine Hemorrhage into lower urinary tract
42
what is hemoglobinuria and what is cause
hgb lysed from rBC in plasma Intravascular hemolysis
43
What is myoglobinuria and cause
mgb from plasma Severe muscle damage
44
Which is indicative of Hematuria and hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria. How differentiate hemo vs myo
left: Hematuria- RBC’s at bottom after centrifuge Right: hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria - hemoglobinuria- red plasma, anemia - myoglobinuria- clear plasma, increased CK
45
t or f: squamous epithelial cells in urine is significant
false no clinical significance
46
t or f: transitional epithelial cells are clinically significant
false- unless neoplastic
47
identify 1-3
1. Squamous epithelial cells 2. Transitional epithelial cells 3. Transitional cell carcinoma
48
how do RBC appear in urine
red- green
49
>__ RBC/hpf in urine is considered significant
5
50
Urine: identify left and right image
left: rBC Right: fat droplets
51
>__WBC/hpf is considered significant (pyuria) when no blood contamination. What should you look for
5 Look for infection, neoplasia, urolith, other causes of inflammation
52
urine what these
WBC
53
what these and what type of urine found in
struvite Alkaline urine
54
what these. What type of urine found in. What species normal in
calcium carbonate- alkaline urine Normal in horses and rabbits
55
what these, what type of urine
calcium oxalate dehydrate- acidic urine
56
what these- what should you be concerned about
calcium oxalate monohydrate Concern for ethylene glycol toxicity- renal azotemia
57
what these and what do they suggest. What dog breeds normal in
ammonium biurate Concern for PSS or severe liver disease Normal in Dalmatians and English bulldogs
58
what this, what seen with, normal in who
uric acid Seen with liver disease Normal in Dalmatians and English bulldogs
59
what these, what type of urine, what defect
cystine Acidic urine Inherited defect in cysteine metabolism of renal tubules
60
what conditions favor cast formation
1. High salt concentration 2. Acidic environment 3. Fluid stasis 4. Presence of protein matrix
61
>__ hyaline casts/lpf is significant
2
62
what do cellular casts indicate
1. Active tubular degeneration and necrosis 2. Active inflammation
63
what do granular casts indicate
1. Tubular degeneration, necrosis, inflammation
64
>__granular casts/lpf is considered significant
2
65
what do waxy casts indicate
deterioration and solidification of granular casts- chronic renal disease
66
identify casts 1-9
1. Hyaline 2. Hyaline with fat 3. Hyaline to fine granular 4. Cellular 5. Cellular to coarse granular 6. Coarsely granular 7. Finely granular 8. Granular to waxy 9. Waxy
67
identify casts 1-4
1. Hyaline 2. Cellular cast 3. Granular cast 4. Waxy cast
68
identify the following parasites
Left: Stephanurus dentatus: swine kidney worm Middle; pearsonema- bladder worm of dogs, cats Righ: dioctophyma renale: giant kidney worm of dog (right kidney)

Clinical Pathology (15 decks)

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