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Clinical Pathology > Lecture 6: WBC II > Flashcards

Lecture 6: WBC II Flashcards

1
Q

For WBC counts should you interpret absolute count or percentage and why

A

absolute-established reference intervals

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2
Q

what is leukocytosis

A

absolute wBC # increased

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3
Q

what is leukopenia

A

absolute WBC # decreased

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4
Q

what wrong in each photo

A

left- leukocytosis
Right: leukopenia

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5
Q

define cytosis in terms of leukocytes

A

increased # of mononuclear leukocytes (lymphocytosis, monocytosis)

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6
Q

define Philia in terms of leukocytes

A

increased # segmented leukocytes (neutrophilia, eosinophilia, basophilia)

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7
Q

what is cause of stress leukcon

A

corticosteroids

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8
Q

what BW signs seeen with stress leukogram

A
  1. Lymphopenia!
  2. +/- neutrophilia
  3. +/- monocytosis
  4. +/- eosinopenia
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9
Q

what is cause of physiologic leukogram

A

fear/excitement= epinephrine release

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10
Q

what species most commonly have physiologic leukogram

A

horses

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11
Q

what signs are seen with physiologic leukogram

A
  1. Lymphocytosis
  2. +/- neutrophilia
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12
Q

what is seen in inflammatory leukogram

A

at least one of the following
2. Marked mature neutrophilia
2. Neutropenia
3. Left shift
4. Monocytosis in cat, horse, cow
5. Toxic neutrophils

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13
Q

what cells are supportive of inflammation on blood smear

A
  1. Toxic neutrophils
  2. Reactive lymphocytes
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14
Q

what can cause inflammatory neutrophilia

A
  1. P’s- pyometra, pyothorax, pancreatitis, peritonitis, pneumonia, prostatitis
  2. Hepatozoonosis
  3. IMHA
  4. Neoplastic disorders
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15
Q

what are some causes of neutropenia

A
  1. Utilization/increased migration into tissues due to severe inflammation (most common)
  2. Decreased production
  3. Destruction
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16
Q

what are some diseases associated with neutropenia

A
  1. Any acute inflammation in cattle
  2. Endotoxemia in horses
  3. Sepsis and SIRS
  4. Canine parvovirus
  5. FeLV and FIV
  6. Bone marrow disease
17
Q

what are some causes of lymphocytosis

A
  1. Epi response- physiologic leukogram
  2. Inflammatory leukocytes
  3. Vaccinations
  4. Rickettsial infection
  5. Viral infection
18
Q

in what viral infection in cows do we see persistent lymphocytosis

A

BLV infection leading to B-lymphocyte hyperplasia

19
Q

what are some causes of lymphopenia

A
  1. Excess corticosteroids (most common)
  2. Loss of lymphocyte rich lymph (chylothorax, intestinal Lymphangiectasia)
20
Q

monocytosis always = __ in cats, horses and ruminants

A

inflamamtion

21
Q

what is eosinophilia seen with

A

worms, wheezes and weird diseases (MCT, EGC, EL)

22
Q

basophilia is often seen with concurrent ___ and/or increased circulating __

A

eosinophilia, mast cells

23
Q

what are some causes of basophilia

A
  1. Allergic/hypersensitivity run
  2. Parasitic infections
24
Q

Define Leukemia

A

neoplastic cells in blood and/or bone marrow

25
with leukemia often see very __ total WBC count as well as __ and __
high, anemia and thrombocytopenia
26
what cells predominant in acute leukemia
immature/undifferenitiated (blast) cells in bone marrow
27
what BW signs are seen with leukemia
anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia
28
what is the predominating cell in chronic leukemia
maturing/differenitiating cells in bone marrow
29
what type of anemia would you see with chronic leukemia
mild nonregenerative anemia of chronic disease
30
what diagnostic tests can you do to subtype leukemia
1. Immunocytochemistry of bone marrow cytology 2. Immunohistochemistry of bone marrow core biopsy
31
immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry both detect __ on cells by immunologic and chemical reactions
antigens
32
Case ex: 3yr, M, Devon Rex with hx of anorexia, lethargy, 2 episodes of vomiting, PE- dehydrated. Characterize the erythron and leukon
erythron: 1. Hematocrit low- anemic 2. MCV- normocytic 3. MCHC: normchromic Anemia of chronic disease/inflammation Leukon: 1. Segmented neutrophils high- neutrophilia 2. Band neutrophils- normal 3. Lymphocytes- low- lymphopenia stress leukon
33
Case ex: 4yr M, beagle with hx vomiting , diarrhea and anorexia past 24hrs. PE- pain on abdominal palpation. Characterize erythron and leukon
Erythron: 1. Total protein- high (dehydration) 2. Hematocrit- high- dehydrated 3. MCV- normocytic 4. MCHC: normochromic Dehydration Leukon 1. WBC count high- leukocytosis 2. Segmented neutrophils high- neutrophilia 3. Band neutrophils high- robust inflammation 4. Lymphocytes- low- lymphopenia 5. Monocytes high- monocytosis 6. Eosinophils- low- eosinopenia Stress leukon Inflammatory leukon
34
case ex: 5yr FS mixed breed dog, hx of lethargy for several days. PE- pale MM, increased CRT. Characterize erythron and leukon. RBC morphology- marked spherocytosis, marked polychromasia and ansiocytosis WBC morphology- moderate toxic neutrophils What likely dx
Erythron: 1. Hematocrit low-anemic 2. MCV: high- macrocytic 3. MCHC: low- hypochromic 4. Absolute retic- high- regenerative anemia Leukon 1. WBC count-high- leukocytosis 2. Segmented neutrophils- high- neutrophilia 3. Band neutrophils- normal 4. Lymphocytes- low- lymphopenia 5. Monocytes- high-monocytosis 6. Eosinopenia Stress leukon Inflammatory leukon Spherocytes- extravascular hemolysis Top dx: IMHA with thrombocytopenia (Evans syndrome)
35
case ex: 3yr old Holstein cow with hx of anorexia and swollen, painful udder. PE- depressed, excessive salivation. Characterize erythron and leukon. Normal WBC and RBC morphology What likely dx
Erythron 1. Fibrinogen high- inflammation 2. Hematocrit low- anemic 3. MCV- normocytic 4. MCHC- normochromic 5. Retic count- normal Non-regenerative anemia- anemia of chronic disease/inflammation Leukon 1. WBC count- normal 2. Segmented neutrophils low- neutropenia (inflammation) 3. Everything else WNL Elevated Fibrinogen and neutropenia support inflammation and given clinical signs likely mastitis

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