Lecture 5: White blood cells I

Question 1

Where are leukocyte precursors located

Answer 1

bone marrow

Question 2

what are the circulating leukocytes

Answer 2

1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
4. Monocytes
5. Lymphocytes

Question 3

which leukocytes are the granulocytes

Answer 3

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 4

which leukocytes are mononuclear cells

Answer 4

monocytes, lymphocytes

Question 5

what is leukopoeisis

Answer 5

stem cells in bone marrow capable of self-renewal or differentiation

Question 6

what cell and what species is in bottom right

Answer 6

Neutrophil
Bottom right- bovine (pinker)

Question 7

what cell

Answer 7

eosinophils

Question 8

what cell

Answer 8

basophils

Question 9

What cell

Answer 9

monocytes

Question 10

what cell

Answer 10

Lymphocyte

Question 11

what is the most predominant leukocyte in healthy dogs, cats, and horses

Answer 11

Mature neutrophils

Question 12

during neutrophil development stem cells in the bone marrow are stimulated by __ to become __

Answer 12

cytokines, myeloblasts

Question 13

what is the immature neutrophil

Answer 13

band neutrophil

Question 14

what are the 3 neutrophil pools

Answer 14

1. Bone marrow pool- proliferative, maturation, storage
2. Blood pool- circulating, marinating
3. Tissue pool

Question 15

What are the 3 pools within the bone marrow pool and what types of neutrophils are within each pool

Answer 15

1. Proliferative- myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte
2. Maturation- metamyelocyte, band neutrophil
3. Storage pool- segmented neutrophil

Question 16

which neutrophil pool is measured by analyzer and seen on blood smear

Answer 16

circulating pool

Question 17

which Species has a very small neutrophil storage pool and therefore common to see __with acute inflammation

Answer 17

cows, neutropenia

Question 18

neutrophils undergo apoptosis by __ in __, __and __

Answer 18

macrophages, in spleen, liver and bone marrow

Question 19

what are the 2 young neutrophils released from bone marrow when there is overwhelming inflammation

Answer 19

1. Toxic neutrophils
2. Band neutrophils

Question 20

what is it called when band neutrophils are released

Answer 20

left shift

Question 21

what type of neutrophils are seen here

Answer 21

left: band neutrophil
Right: segmente

Question 22

toxic neutrophils indicate __

Answer 22

robust inflammation

Question 23

what are the cytoplasmic changes seen with toxic neutrophils

Answer 23

1. Cytoplasmic basophilia
2. Cytoplasmic vacuolation
3. Dohle bodies
4. Toxic granulation (horses)

Question 24

what is seen here and what does that indicate

Answer 24

toxic neutrophil- indicates robust inflammation

Question 25

when are band neutrophils released

Answer 25

severe, overwhelming inflammation

Question 26

what is morphology of band neutrophil

Answer 26

cytoplasm similar to segmented neutrophil, nucleus is U or S-shaped

Question 27

how do neutrophils change with inflammation

Answer 27

1. Start of inflammation- increase release of mature neutrophils 2. Then release toxic neutrophils 3. Then release band neutrophils

Question 28

neutrophils defend primarily against what microorganisms

Answer 28

bacteria

Question 29

what is function of neutrophil extracellular traps

Answer 29

DNA and histones that kill microbes

Question 30

what are heterophils

Answer 30

functionally equivalent to neutrophils- rod shaped pink to red granules in avian, reptiles, rabbits, guinea pigs, and elephants

Question 31

from rabbit- what this

Answer 31

heterophils

Question 32

which species can have normal dohle bodies up to 10% in neutrophils

Answer 32

cats

Question 33

eosinophils have round granules in most species except __, rod shaped

Answer 33

cats

Question 34

which species has large, rounded eosinophil granules

Answer 34

horses

Question 35

eosinophil nucleus is __ and __

Answer 35

multilobulated and constricted

Question 36

what are eosinophils associated with

Answer 36

worms, wheezes and weird diseases

Question 37

most tissue eosinophils are in the ___

Answer 37

GI mucosa

Question 38

eosinophils have poor host defense against __ and __, but provide defense against __

Answer 38

Poor-bacteria and viruses Good- helminth infections

Question 39

What Type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with eosinophils

Answer 39

type I

Question 40

basophil granules contain most __measured in blood

Answer 40

histamine

Question 41

basophils provide protective immunity against __

Answer 41

helminths

Question 42

what is the most predominant leukocyte in healthy cows, other ruminants, rats and mice

Answer 42

lymphocytes

Question 43

what is N:C ratio in lymphocytes

Answer 43

high

Question 44

lymphocytes provide defense against __ and ___

Answer 44

viruses and tumor cells

Question 45

what leukocyte is important in immunosuppression

Answer 45

lymphocytes

Question 46

T lymphocytes provide __ immunity

Answer 46

cellular

Question 47

B lymphocytes provide __ immunity and produce __

Answer 47

humoral, antibodies

Question 48

what is the largest WBC

Answer 48

monocytes

Question 49

monocytes emigrate to tissues, once in tissues differentiate to __

Answer 49

macrophages

Question 50

what are macrophages called in liver, lungs, joints, CNS, and skin and lymphoid organs

Answer 50

liver- kupffer cells Lungs- alveolar macrophages Joints- type A synoviocytes CNS- microglial cells Skin and lymphoid organs- dendritic cells

Question 51

what are the main functions of monocytes/macrophages

Answer 51

1. Phagocytosis 2. Antigen presentation to T- lymphocytes 3. Production of cytokines involved in inflammation. And hematopoiesis 4. Tissue repair and remodeling

Question 52

monocytes/macrophages have greater defense against __, __ and __ than neutrophils

Answer 52

fungi, helminths, Protozoa, than neutrophils

Question 53

Physiologic __ can be seen in horses < 2yrs old

Answer 53

leukocytosis

Question 54

SAA and fibrinogen in horses are good indicator of __

Answer 54

inflamamtion

Question 55

cows with acute inflammation have rapid drop in WBC leading to __

Answer 55

neutropenia

Question 56

why do cows have rapid neutropenia with acute inflammation

Answer 56

slower BM response to demand

Question 57

guinea pigs have magenta inclusions in some lymphocytes called __

Answer 57

kurloff bodies

Question 58

what cells are not seen in circulation of healthy patients

Answer 58

1. Band and toxic neutrophils 2, reactive lymphocytes 3. Activated monocytes 4. Mast cells 5. Neoplastic cells

Question 59

cells not typically seen in circulation in healthy patients can result in analyzer __ count discrepancies

Answer 59

leukocyte

Question 60

what are these

Answer 60

left: band neutrophil Right: toxic neutrophil

Question 61

toxic neutrophils indicate robust inflammation what are the inflammatory P diseases and the other one disease they are seen with

Answer 61

pneumonia, pleuritis, peritonitis, pancreatitis, prostatitis, pyometra IMHA

Question 62

what are arrows pointing at and what cell

Answer 62

dohle bodies Toxic neutrophil

Question 63

reactive lymphocytes indicate __

Answer 63

antigen stimulation

Question 64

what cell are these, what is difference between them and what does that mean

Answer 64

lymphocytes Left: small differentiated lymphocyte Middle: intermediate lymphocyte, and neutrophil Right: large reactive lymphocyte

Question 65

what diseases or reactions are associated with reactive lymphocytes

Answer 65

1. Young animals 2. Recent vaccination 3. Tick borne disease 4. Any disease with antigenic stimulation (inflammation)

Question 66

What cell are 1-2 and wht is difference

Answer 66

1. Small mature lymphocyte 2. Reactive lymphocyte

Question 67

t or f: normal to see mast cells in circulation

Answer 67

false

Question 68

seeing mast cells on blood film indicates __ or __

Answer 68

inflammation or neoplasia

Question 69

mastocythemia in dogs 75% of time= __

Answer 69

inflammatory disease

Question 70

mastocythemia in cats 75% of time = __

Answer 70

mast cell neoplasia

Question 71

what are some inflammation conditions associated with mastocythemia

Answer 71

enteritis (parvovirus), pleuritis, peritonitis

Question 72

what are some neoplastic disorders associated with mastocythemia

Answer 72

1. Systemic mast cell disease 2. Mast cell leukemia

Question 73

acute myeloid/lymphocytic leukemia is seen in what aged animals

Answer 73

any age

Question 74

what age is affected by chronic myeloid/ lymphocytic leukemia

Answer 74

older, usually dogs

Question 75

left is blood smear from 3yr old dog, right is blood smear from 10yr old dog. What likely problem in each

Answer 75

Left: acute myeloid/ lymphocytic leukemia Right: chronic myeloid lymphocytic leukemia

Question 76

horse- what cause and cell

Answer 76

neutrophil Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Question 77

dog- what cause

Answer 77

E. Ewingii

Question 78

dog- what cause

Answer 78

Ehrlichia canis

Question 79

what wrong

Answer 79

Histoplasma capsulatum

Question 80

what cause

Answer 80

hepatozoon spp

Question 81

What this

Answer 81

dirofilaria immitis

Question 82

not always possible to determine cell of origin on blood smear/cytology alone (especially for acute leukemias)- what other diagnostic tests can you do

Answer 82

PARR_ PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement Flow cytometry

Question 83

what is PARR best for

Answer 83

differentiating reactive/ inflammatory lymphocytosis vs lymphocytic leukemia

Question 84

what is flow cytometry best for

Answer 84

phenotyping a lymphoma or leukemia (B or T, monocytic)