Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Pathology > Lecture 9: Effusions and Fluid Analysis > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Effusions and Fluid Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Define effusion

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in potential spaces in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which species has a normally observable amount of fluid in their cavities- not effusion

A

horses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

effusion is drained by __

A

lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the starling forces

A

defines the basic forces that are responsible for fluid shift between occultation and interstitium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what would be hydrostatic and oncotic pressure in capillary to cause effusion

A

high hydrostatic pressure, low oncotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what would cause lymphatic leakage

A

obstructed or ruptured lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how would inflammation cause effusion

A

increased vascular permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what tubes are used to collect fluid

A

EDTA tube for analysis and no-additive tube for culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is normal background on microscopic examination of fluid

A

clear to pale pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

normal or abnormal fluid

A

normal- clear to pale pink background

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what cell predominates fluid analysis in normal small animals

A

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

fluid from dog- this normal or abnormal cell type

A

normal-macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

__ cells are commonly seen in canine effusions, typically with chronicity

A

mesothelioma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

two different canine effusions- what is seen in both

A

Left- normal mesothelial cells
Right: reactive mesothelial cells- seen in effusions in dogs with chronicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

if you have suspected uroabdomen what analytes do you want to test for

A

creatinine and potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

if you have suspected chylous effusion what analytes do you want to test for

A

triglyceride and cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

if you have suspected bile peritonitis what analyte do you want to test for

A

bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

if you have suspected septic peritonitis what analytes do you want to test for

A

glucose and lactate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is normal fluid volume in cavities for sampling in dogs/cats/birds and horses

A

dogs/cats/birds: insufficient to sample

Horses: sufficient to sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is color of normal fluid in dogs/cats/birds and horses

A

dogs/cats/birds: clear
Horses: clear to straw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is normal turbidity of fluid in dogs, cats, birds, and horses

A

clear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is normal total protein of fluid in dogs, cats, birds, horses

A

<2.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is normal total nucleated cell count in fluid of dogs/cats/ birds and horses

A

dogs/cats/birds: <1000
Horses: <5000-10,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the predominant nucleated cell type in fluid of dogs/cats/birds and horses

A

dogs/cats/birds: mononuclear cells (Macs)
Horses: mononuclear and neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the gross appearance, total protein, total nucleated cell count dogs/cats and horses, cell type, and mechanism for a low protein (pure) transudate effusion
gross appearance: clear TP: <2.5 TNCC: dogs/cats: <5000 TNCC: horses: <5000-10000 Cell type: mononuclear cells, neutrophils in horses Mechanisms: decreased oncotic pressure
26
what is the gross appearance, total protein, total nucleated cell count in dogs/cats and horses, cell type, and mechanism for a high protein (modified) transudate
gross: clear or serosanguineous, to cloudy Total protein: 2.5-5.0 TNCC: dogs/cats: <5000 TNCC: horses <5000-10,000 Cell type: mononuclear cells, neutrophils Mechanism: increased hydrostatic pressure
27
what is gross appearance, total protein, total nucleated cell count for dogs/cats and horses, cell type and mechanism for exudate effusion
gross: variable color, cloudy to opaque Total protein >4 TNCC dogs/cats: >5000 TNCC: horses: >5000-10,000 Cell type: neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils Mechanism: increased vascular permeability
28
what are some causes of decreased oncotic pressure leading to low protein (pure) transudate effusion
1. Loss: protein losing enteropathy, protein losing nephropathy, burns 2. Decreased production: hepatic insufficiency or failure 3. Over hydration
29
what are some causes of increased hydrostatic pressure leading to high protein (modified) transudate effusion
1. Post sinusoidal hepatic congestion 2. CHF 3. Thromboembolic disease 4. Intestinal torsion, intussusception, hernia
30
what is typical cause of exudate effusion
inflammation
31
how do you determine if exudate is septic or aseptic
1. Presence of organisms 2. Type of inflammation 3. Neutrophil morphology- degenerate vs non-degenerate
32
what are the nuclear changes seen with degenerate neutrophils
1. Swollen nuclei 2. Glassy, homogenous, paler nuclei 3. Fuzzy nuclear membrane
33
are degenerate neutrophils found in tissue or blood
tissue
34
are degenerate or toxic neutrophils indicative of sepsis
degenerate
35
what are the cytoplasmic changes with toxic neutrophils
1. Cytoplasmic basophil is 2. Dohle body 3. Foamy cytoplasm 4. Cytomegaly
36
are toxic neutrophils found in blood or tissue
blood
37
what do toxic neutrophils indicate
accelerated granulopoiesis
38
what is circled and how do you know
degenerate neutrophil- fuzzy nuclear membrane, swollen nucleus
39
what this and how do you know
toxic neutrophil- cytoplasmic basophilia, foamy cytoplasm
40
what type of cells do you see in septic exudate
neutrophils, often degenerate
41
how do you confirm septic exudate
bacteria within neutrophils
42
how would you classify this exudate
septic exudate- bacteria in degenerate neutrophils
43
what do you see with acute gastrointestinal rupture
large amount of mixed bacteria often with protozoal organisms, and yeasts
44
horse presents with acute GI signs, colic and pain. Based on fluid sample what wrong and why
Acute gastrointestinal rupture- lots of bacteria
45
how can you use glucose to determine if septic or not
serum glucose - fluid glucose
46
what fluid glucose difference is indicative of sepsis in dogs and horses
dogs: > or = 20mg/dl Horses: > 50mg/dl
47
how can you use lactate to determine if septic exudate
fluid lactate - plasma lactate
48
what fluid lactate difference in dogs is indicative of septic exudate
> or = 2mmol/L
49
what are your differentials for septic exudate
1. GI leakage/rupture 2. FB 3. Penetrating wound 4. Extension from infected tissues 5. Seeding from systemic dz
50
how do neutrophils appear in aseptic exudate
typically non-degenerate
51
what are some differentials for aseptic exudate
1. Chemical irritation (bile, chyle, urine) 2. Sterile FB (suture) 3. Post sx 4. Tissue inflammation and necrosis (pancreatitis, non-exfoliating neoplasia) 5. Internal abscessation 6. Yolk
52
what causes bile peritonitis
gall bladder or biliary tract rupture
53
what are your cell counts, total proteins and color for suspected bile peritonitis
1. Cell count: >5000 dogs, >5k-10k horses 2. TP: >4 3. Color: brown and cloudy
54
what paired fluid-serum bilirubin would be indicative of bile peritonitis
fluid bilirubin >2x serum bilirubin
55
what fluid sample a-g is indicative of bile peritonitis (gall bladder or biliary tract rupture)
G
56
What is the following microscopic finding indicative of
bile peritonitis- macrophages with yellow to green-brown pigment bilirubin crystals
57
what is cell count, total protein and color of chylous effusion
1. Cell count: >3000 2. TP: >2.5 3. Color: milky, opaque
58
what type of effusion would this suggest
chylous effusion
59
what are the microscopic findings for chylous effusion
1. Primarily small lymphocytes 2. Neutrophils with chronicity 3. Tiny clear vacuoles in background
60
what effusion are these consistent with
chylous effusion- small lymphocytes, some neutrophils and tiny clear vacuoles
61
chylous effusion is due to __ rupture, stasis or leakage
lymphatic
62
what BW value do you want to check for suspected chylous effusion and what would be value
fluid triglyceride >100mg/dl
63
what is the most common cause of chylous effusion in dogs vs cats
dogs: idiopathic Cats: CHF
64
how would cell count and total protein appear in initial/early uroabdomen
1. Cell count: mildly decreased 2. TP: lower
65
over time with uroabdomen become more inflammatory and __ cell count and protein
increase
66
what are some supportive signs of uroabdomen
1. Urinary Tract signs 2. Male cats, neonatal foals
67
what paired fluid-serum creatinine would be supportive of uroabdomen
fluid creating >2x serum creatinine
68
what paired fluid-serum potassium would be supportive of uroabdomen
fluid potassium >1.4x serum potassium
69
what is cell count and total protein with FIP
1. Cell count: low <5000 2. TP: >3.5, highly suspicious if >5
70
what are the microscopic findings consistent with FIP
thick, proteinaceous background, neutrophils to mixed neutrophil-macrophage
71
cat- what cause
FIP
72
cat- what show and what wrong
thick proteinaceous background, neutrophils and macrophages—> FIP
73
is yolk coelomitis fluid analysis usually in low protein, high protein or exudate range
exudate range
74
what are microscopic findings for yolk coelomitis
variable sized globules of homogenous purple material
75
from bird- what wrong
Yolk coelomitis
76
what is cell count, total protein and RBC or PCV consistent with hemorrhagic effusion
1. Cell count: variable 2. Total protein: variable 3. 0.5-1 million RBC/ul 4. 1-3.5-5% PCV
77
what are microscopic findings consistent with hemorrhagic effusion
macrophages with rBC or hemosiderin, typically no platelets
78
what type of effusion
hemorrhagic effusion
79
what are some ddx for hemorrhagic effusion
1. Trauma 2. Coagulopathy (multiple cavities) 3. Neoplasia: spleen or liver
80
what are cell counts and total proteins for neoplastic effusions
1. Cell count: variable may be increased due to inflammation of hemorrhage 2. TP: typically increased >3gl/dl
81
neoplastic effusions are define by presence of __ in effusions. Examples are __, __ or __
neoplastic cells Round cells, carcinoma, mesothelioma
82
what type of effusion
neoplastic effusion

Clinical Pathology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions