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Clinical Pathology > Lecture 10: Introduction to Cytology > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Introduction to Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

define cytology

A

diagnostic tool in which individual cells are examined microscopically

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2
Q

what are the advantages of cytology

A
  1. Rapid
  2. Minimally invasive
  3. No special equipment
  4. Easy to obtain
  5. Inexpensive
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3
Q

what are the limitations of cytology

A

lack of architectural detail
2. Specimen may not be representative

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4
Q

which image represents cytology vs histology of liver and why

A

Left: cytology
Right: histology- more architectural elements

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5
Q

what are some methods of sample collection for cytology

A
  1. FNA
  2. Scrapes and swabs
  3. Smears and imprints
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6
Q

describe appropriate sample submission to increase likelihood of getting dx

A
  1. Sample numerous times- beware of necrotic centers and fibrous capsules
  2. Submit all slides, air dried, unstained
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7
Q

what makes a cytology a good quality specimen

A
  1. Cellular
  2. Monogamy
  3. Intact cells
  4. Minimal hemodilution
  5. Free of artifact
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8
Q

good or poor quality cytology

A

good- cellular, monolayer, intact cells, free of artifact

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9
Q

Good or bad cytology

A

bad- lysed or damaged cells

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10
Q

good or bad cytologies and what wrong

A

Bad
Top: contaminated with yeast
Middle: ultrasound gel
Bottom: stain precipitates

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11
Q

How would you classify this cytology/lesion and why. What are some possible causes

A

degenerative lesions: hematoma, seroma, cyst

Low cellularity, proteinaceous background, macrophages, possible secondary inflammation

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12
Q

what could have caused this cytology appearance, what is in photo to right

A

hematoma- erythrophagia, hemosiderin, hematoma in

Right: cholesterol crystals

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13
Q

sample taken from skin- what this

A

Inclusion cyst- keratin follicular cyst on skin

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14
Q

what cells do you see with inflammatory lesions

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils

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15
Q

what do you see with septic vs non-septic inflammatory lesions

A

septic- organisms
Nonseptic-sterile

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16
Q

classify this lesion

A

Septic- organisms, suppurative inflammation- degenerative neutrophils

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17
Q

Classify this lesion

A

pyogranulomatous inflammation- multinucleated cells, neutrophils, fungal organisms

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18
Q

if you see neutrophils what organisms should you look for

A

bacteria- cocci, rods

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19
Q

if you see mixed, pyogranulomatous inflammation what organisms should you look for

A
  1. Bacteria- mycobacterium, filamentous bacteria
  2. Fungi
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20
Q

if you see eosinophils what organism should you look for

A

parasites

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21
Q

what organism seen here

A

Cocci bacteria

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22
Q

what organisms seen here

A

Bacilli bacteria, budding yeast

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23
Q

What organisms seen here

A

filamentous bacteria (actinomyces or nocardia)

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24
Q

what organism seen here

A

Mycobacteria: - stain, stains macrophage, but not organism

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25
what fungal structure is see here and what are some examples of fungal organisms with this structure
fungal hyphae Ex: aspergillosis, penicilliosis, candidiasis
26
what this
Malassezia (yeast)
27
what infections are malassezia pachydermatitis associated with
superficial skin infection or ear infection
28
what this
Sporothrix schneckii (yeast)
29
describe appearance of sporothrix schenckii
light blue cytoplasm, with pink/purple eccentrically placed nucelus, thin clear cell wall
30
if budding present in sporothrix schenckii is it narrow or broad based
narrow
31
what lesions are sporothrix schenckii associated with
skin lesions
32
what these
histo plasma capsule Tim
33
describe appearance of histoplasma
light blue cytoplasm with pink/purple eccentrically placed, crescent shaped nucleus with clear cell wall (not cigar shaped)
34
if budding present with histoplasma will it be narrow or broad based
narrow
35
what lesions is histoplasma associated with
systemic lesions
36
what this and what are two main organisms
cryptococcus- C neoformans or C. Gattii
37
how does Cryptococcus appear
thick, non-staining, light pink polysaccharide capsule
38
do cryptococcus spp have narrow or broad based budding
narrow
39
what lesions is cryptococcus associated with
nasal cavity and CNS lesions
40
what is this
Blastomyces
41
describe appearance of blastomyces
deeply basophilic, round yeasts
42
do blastomyces have narrow or broad based budding
broad
43
presence/absence of budding and travel hx can distinguish blastomyces and coccidiodes. Where in US is blastomyces more common and which one has budding
Ohio and Mississippi River valley and Great Lake regions Blastomyces broad based budding
44
what lesions are blastomyces associated with
systemic lesions
45
what this
coccidiodes
46
describe appearance of coccidiodes
deeply basophilic, round spherules, mature spherules may have endosporulated
47
where in US is coccidiodes common
American southwest
48
what lesions are associated with coccidiodes
systemic lesions
49
what tissue type for this proliferative lesion/tumor
epithelial
50
Describe appearance of epithelial tissue proliferative lesions/tumors
1. High cellularity 2. Clumps and clusters 3. Rectangular to polygonal cells 4. Well defined borders
51
where in body are epithelial tissue proliferative lesions/tumors found
skin, cornea, glands, liver, pancreas, lungs, GI, GU tract
52
what type of tissue for this proliferative lesion/tumor
epithelial
53
what type of tissue for this proliferative lesion/tumor
mesenchymal/CT tissue
54
describe appearance of mesenchymal/CT tissue for proliferative lesion/tumor
1. Variable cellularity 2. Individual spindloid and Stellate cells 3. In distinct cell borders 4. ECM
55
what cells, locations in body are associated with mesenchymal/CT tissue proliferative lesions/tumors
1. Fibroblasts 2. Pericytes 3. Endothelium 4. Bone 5. Cartilage 6. Muscle
56
what type of tissue is this proliferative lesion/tumor
Mesenchymal CT tissue
57
what type of tissue is this proliferative lesion/tumor
hemic tissue
58
describe the appearance of hemic tissue for proliferative lesions/tumors
1. High cellularity 2. Monolayer 3. Round, discrete cells 4. High N:C ratios
59
where in body are hemic tissue proliferative lesions/tumors found
1. Bone marrow 2. LN 3. Spleen
60
what type of tissue is this proliferative lesion/tumor
hemic tissue
61
what is name for malignant epithelial neoplasia
carcinoma/adenocarcinoma
62
what is name for malignant mesenchymal neoplasia
sarcoma
63
what are the cytoplasmic criteria for malignancy in non-lymphoid tissue
1. Anisocytosis- variation in cell size
64
what are the nuclear features in criteria for malignancy in non-lymphoid tissue
1. Anisokaryosis- variation in nuclear size 2. Increased N:C ratio 3. Nuclear molding 4. Atypical chromatic texture 5. Increased mitotic figures
65
non-lymphoid tissue would these samples be consider malignant or non-malignant and why
malignant: anisocytosis, anisokaryocytosis, nuclear molding, increased mitotic figures
66
what are the nucleolar features for criteria of malignancy in non-lymphoid tissue
1. Anisonucleoliosis- variable size 2. Large, prominent 3. Variable shape 4. Multiple nucleoli
67
non-lymphoid tissue- would this be considered malignant or not
Anisonucleoliosis, large, multiple nucleoli
68
Which sample is representative of hyperplasia/adenoma vs carcinoma and why
left: hyperplasia/adenoma- nuclear size even, no nucleolus Right: carcinoma: multiple prominent nucleoli, anisokaryosis, aniosocytosis
69
What are the nuclear features for criteria of malignancy for lymphoid tissue
homogeneity- lack variation
70
which image is preventative of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia vs lymphoma
Left: reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (variation in size) Right: lymphoma (homogenous in morphology)
71
what are the 5 differentials for round cell tumors
1. TVT 2. Lymphoma 3. MCT 4. PCT 5. Histiocytic tumors
72
what this
TVT
73
where are TVT typically found in dogs
face or genital areas
74
what is N:C ratio for TVT
moderate
75
what other cytoplasmic feature is seen with TVT
discrete round cytoplasmic vacuoles
76
what this
lymphoma
77
how are N:C ratios for lymphoma
high
78
what further testing can you do for lymphoma and what does each test tell you (2)
1. PCR for Antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR)- decide reactive lymphoid hyperplasia vs lymphoma 2. Immunophenotyping: ICC, flow cytometry: B vs T
79
what this
MCT
80
what is N:C ratio for MCT
moderate
81
what cytoplasmic feature is in MCT
purple cytoplasmic granules
82
what these
PCT
83
what is N:C ratio for PCT
moderate
84
what features are consistent with PCT
1. Deeply basophilic cytoplasm 2. Perinuclear clear zone, enlarged Golgi body 3. Eccentrically placed nuclei 4. May have bi, tri or multinucleation
85
what this
histiocytoma
86
histiocytomas are common in who
young dogs <4yrs
87
what is N:C ratio for histiocytoma
moderate
88
t or f: histiocytoma spontaneously regress on their own in 2-3 months
true

Clinical Pathology (15 decks)

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