Lecture 13 ARM

Question 1

The three research stages

Answer 1

1. Data collection
2. Data analysis (summarize, order, categorize data)
3. Data interpretation (finding meaning in data, impact, significance)

Question 2

Data analysis

Answer 2

“Summarise collected data in a dependable and accurate manner. it is the presentation of the findings of the study in a manner that has an air of UNDENIABILITY”

Accuracy -reliability - undeniability - persuasion
Match between empirical data and the claims made
Always analysis - ongoing throughout the data collection and everything
Eg foreshadowed problems, researchers hunches, how you define research question and adapt strategies

Question 2

Data collection

Answer 2

For this course - all the data you gather, including photographs, participant observation, interview
- fieldnotes
- interview transcripts and or notes
- other relevant documents, media, objects
- share with team!

Question 3

Foreshadowed problems

Answer 3

Problems in the literature that are anticipated to come up in the research

Question 4

Data analysis during data collection - progressive focusing

Answer 4

How does analysis happen?
1. “Winnowing” (Seidman) - upside down pyramide, starting broad and narrowing down and
2. Funneling ( H and A )research focus

3. Following what is important to your interlocutors
4. Refocus and recalibrate your research techniques and approaches accordingly
5. Redirect literature if needed

Question 5

Iterative research process!

Answer 5

Upward moving spiral

1. Gather data
2. Examine data
3. Compare with earlier data
4. Write more fieldnotes
5. Back to fieldsite and more data
6. Make plans for more data gathering with refined focus

Then you repeat the process over and over

Question 6

Ongoing data review

Answer 6

Constantly ask yourself questions while gathering data
Reflexive process

Question 7

Process of data analysis

Answer 7

Organise - Categorise - Synthesise - Analyse - Write-up - Repeat

inductive process! start bottom-up , but moving to deductive - and move between those constantly

Question 8

Get to know your data

Answer 8

1. Reread a trillion times
2. Write memos about your fieldnotes interviews, and other observations
   Memo: identifying and writing about core processes that characterise talk and interaction in a particular setting
3. Be reflexive - quality, limitations, biases
4. Write note in margins, highlighting etc

Question 9

Writing descriptions

Answer 9

• A kind of theorizing as you select what (not) to write about - what you foreground and background
• context
  -write descriptions of
  1. steting
  2. participants, interlocuctors
  3. phenomenon researched

Question 10

Classifying and categorizing data

Answer 10

• done through CODING
• purpose - the categories structure and form the basis of your interpretation of the data.
  what is this story about?

Question 11

Coding

Answer 11

Categorising chunks of data and grouping them under different themes

Become the basis for your argument, building blocks

Embrace uncertainty - things change! Dynamic processes

Question 12

Techniques - coding

Answer 12

1) Break down your data into manageable chunks and identify these within a coding system (H and A,152)
2)Open (inductive approach) or focused/closed (deductive approach) coding

Question 13

What do you do while coding?

Answer 13

Code ONLY relevant data! ask yourself
1. Does the data realte to my RQ?
2.Does it help understond your person better?
3. Is it relevant or important, even if you cannot understand why?
4. Does it clarify thinking about your topic?

Question 14

Codes

Answer 14

Short phrases (2-5 words) ensure specificity
Dual purpose
- Represent the data that is significant
- Help you address your RQ

Question 15

Types of codes

Answer 15

1. Descriptive codes - based on RQ
   2.Analytical codes - the meanings and concepts behind what people are saying in your data
2. Theoretical codes - cross-cutting notions

Question 16

Purpose of coding

Answer 16

Themes will emerge - connections or patterns emerge
Codes often occur together or are interconnected. Depending on topic, they occur in CLUSTERS- finding the relationship between them is key

Codes may show up in distinct ways - depending on who they are, what is the interviewee’s background

Question 17

Open coding

Answer 17

Go through your data line-by-line, taking small amounts at a time - for each bit ask -yap yop yap

Inductive coding
Ideally this ends with “saturation” - cannot find new categories of relevant codes

Question 18

Focused / closed coding

Answer 18

Having a pre-esablished list of codes /categories or concepts in mind

Does my category sit in this chunk, yippidi

Question 19

Revise and refine categories (after coding)

Answer 19

After coding - refine your categories (thanks to coding)
Emic codes - the ones the interlocutors use
Etic codes - the ones you would use
Data can fit into multiple codes at once

Question 20

Evaluating and weighing your findings

Answer 20

How many times does a code appear? Combining people’s codes?
What causes strong reactions - what is spent most time on?
How detailed are responses?

Question 21

Vignette

Answer 21

1. A shorter narrative that usually covers a more limited aspects of a participants experience
2. Can include events and actions happening during the interview
3. Expanded notes/memos you have made of the interview may help here
4. Also uses the words of the interviewee - but not as much as the profile

Question 22

Crafting a profile

Answer 22

1. Editing your transcript through key passages , based on coding
   2.Craft a narrative based on the new transcript
2. Think carefully about the order, quote selection, transitions, context

Question 23

Limits

Answer 23

1. Do not overreach - generalize
2. Match - your claims and arguments with the data
3. Do not - make an interpretation that you do not feel comfortable with