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210 - kcep > lecture 14: aging and fragility > Flashcards

lecture 14: aging and fragility Flashcards

1
Q

At what age is someone considered a senior?

A

65 (age of retirement, avitve and healthy for logner)

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2
Q

what is the oldest player female soccer player in south africa

A

84

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3
Q

true or false: Canada has now more children than senior>

A

false

Canada has now more seniors than children

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4
Q

1 in how many canadians is at least 65

A

1/6

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5
Q

what percentage of the canadian population is seniro

A

16%

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6
Q

if current trends continuem it is estimated that seniours will outnumber what age group

A

children

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7
Q

if current trends continuem it is estimated that seniours will outnumber children by a factor of what

A

3:2 in 20 years time

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8
Q

true or false: the canadiann population is aging

A

true

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9
Q

whatt is the median age of the canadian population

A

40

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10
Q

what was the percentage of seniors as % of total popluation in 1921

A

5%

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11
Q

what was the percentage of seniors as % of total popluation in 2041

A

22%

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12
Q

THE percentage of people with a disability increases or decreases with age

A

increases

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13
Q

what is tthe relationnship bettwteen chronic conditions and age

A

linear relationshio

as age increases, risk of having a chronic condition increases

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14
Q

What is the most common condition found among the elderly?

A

arthritis

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15
Q

what are the 7 chronic conditions of candian seniors in order

A

1) arthritis
2) high bp
3) allegies
4) back probs
5) heart disease
6) cataractts
7) diabetes

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16
Q

since arthritis is the number one conditions, seniors can only be affected by that onne condition?

A

no , some older adutls have more than one condition (ex: stroke and high bP)

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17
Q

in what age group is frailiy usually found

A

TYPICALLy found in eldrenly adults over 65 years old

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18
Q

what is frailty

A

Acceleration in physical & cognitive decline due to aging

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19
Q

tthe diagonsis of frailty are based on what 5 medical defintions

A 
Muscle weakness
– ↓ physical activity
– ↓ walking speed
– Physical exhaustion
– Unintentional weight ↓
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20
Q 
true or false: seniors usually prsent weith all of the following elements Muscle weakness
– ↓ physical activity
– ↓ walking speed
– Physical exhaustion
– Unintentional weight ↓
A

true

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21
Q

what is the holistic definnitionnn of frailty

A

Holistic Definition: ↑ vulnerability to internal and external stressors (due to ↓ physiological reserves)

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22
Q

what is allostatic load

A 
Allostatic load refers
to the long-term
effects of continued
exposure to chronic
stress on the body
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23
Q

what are some examples of external stressors

A 
job
bills
life changes (change house)
pollution
relationshios (lose a partner)
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24
Q

what are some examples of internal stressors

A 
lack of sleep 
illness
fear
poor nutrionn
physical strain
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25
Q

what are some of the long term effects of allostatic load

A 
anxiety
depression
hyperetnsion
autoimmunte
disease
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26
Q

is fraility a preventable conndition?

A

yes

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27
Q

what are some ways to prvent frailty in seniors

A

excerise
nutrion
socialization

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28
Q

true or false: socialization does not help prevent frailtty in seniors

A

false, it does

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29
Q

what is sarcopenia

A

age related loss of skeletal muscle mass. associated with physiological and functional vulnerability

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30
Q

sarcopenia is an age related loss of BLANK

A

muscle mass

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31
Q

true or false: sarcopenia is age related loss of muscle elasticity

A

false, jmsucle mass

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32
Q

what is osteopenia

A

Age-related loss of bone mineral density

Associated with ↑ risk for osteoporosis

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33
Q

osteopenia is associated wiht increase risk of what

A

osteoporosis

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34
Q

what are balancce disordewrs

A

Disturbance that causes an individual to feel unsteady, or

have a sensation of movement (ex: spinning) when standing or lying down

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35
Q

what can balance disorders be caused by

A

– Can be caused by certain health conditions (ex: high BP), medications, or a problem in the inner ear or the brain

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36
Q

explain the nutritioanal problems in the elderly

A

– Elderly sometimes lose their appetites, and do not eat correctly

– They may not feel like eating or are simply lonely. They may not have the energy or are on limited budgets

37
Q

which individual is more liekely to suffer from sarcopenia

87 idnependant walker or 87 ambularotry with wheelcahri

A

ambulatory with wheelchair

38
Q

what is the peak vo2 for ahtletic young adults

A

45

39
Q

what is the peak vo2 for atheltic older adults

A

35

40
Q

what is the vo2 peak for sedentary older adults

A

24

41
Q

what is the vo2 max for frail older adults

A

14

42
Q

qhat is the vo2 needed for ADLS

A

15

43
Q

frail older adutls have a vo2 max of 14 which makes it diffucult to do what

A

adls

44
Q

there are physiological cahanges to the cardiovascular system assocaited with aging, what are the changes in functtion

A
  • ↓ VO2 peak and Max HR

- ↑ Resting and Exercise BP

45
Q

65 year old men face a decrease in what eprcentage of muscle strength

A

20%

46
Q

65 year old women face a decrease in what eprcentage of muscle strength

A

20-50%

Loss of estrogen

47
Q

there are physiological changes in the musculosketal system associated with aging, what are the chagnes in function

A

↓ Musc Strength, Flexibility,

Balance and Muscle Mass

48
Q

in the nervous system, is there a decrease in nerve condution>

A

yes, in aging, there is a decrease in nerve conduction by 20% because of neurolnal degenration

49
Q

why is there a decrease in nerve condution by 20% in aging

A

because of neuoral degeneration

50
Q

there are physiological changes in the nervous system associated with aging, what are the chagnes in function

A
  • ↑ Time of reaction (↓ conduction speed by 20%)

- ↓ Sensory System

51
Q

in aging, is there a decrease in basal metabolic rate?

A

yes

52
Q

since there is a decrease in basal metabolic rate in aging, what does tthat icrease the risk of

A

icnrease the risk of diabettes

53
Q

there are physiological changes in the metabolic system associated with aging, what are the chagnes in function

A

↓ Basal Metabolic Rate and Lean Body Mass

↑ Body Fat

54
Q

Which of these variables has showed the strongest correlation with the risk of falls in older adults?

a) ↑ time of reaction b) ↓ musc strength c) ↓ flexibility d) ↓VO2 peak

A

increase time of reaction

55
Q

what is the variable that showed the sttrongest correlationn with the risk of falls in older adults

A

increase time of reaction

56
Q

Which training mode can

decrease the risk of reaching the disability threshold?

A

strenght training

57
Q

throughout life, there is a range of muscle mass and strength between indivdiausl, but where do you not want to be under

A

the disability threshold

58
Q

if you are below the disability threshold, you become dependatn in what

A

adls

59
Q

what are the postural changes assocaited with frail older adults

A
  • Forward head position
  • Rounded Shoulders
  • Kyphosis (rounded back)
  • Knee flexion
  • Progressive:
60
Q

what condition presends with similar postural changes with frail older adults

A

parkinsons

61
Q

what are the gait changes in olders adults

A

Decreased velocity (= speed)

Decreased step length

Decreased step rate (cadence)

Decreased swing phase (time)

Increased stance phase (time)

Decreased hip, knee, ankle flexion

Decreased power generation at
push-off

62
Q

witth gait changes in older adults, is there decrease or increase velocity

A

decreased velocitty

63
Q

witth gait changes in older adults, is there decreased or increased step length

A

decreaed

64
Q

witth gait changes in older adults, is there decreased or increased step rate (cadence)

A

decrease

65
Q

what is another name for step rate

A

cadence

66
Q

witth gait changes in older adults, is there an increased or decrased swing phase time

A

decreased

67
Q

witth gait changes in older adults, is there an icnreased or decresed stance phase time

A

increased

68
Q

witth gait changes in older adults, is there decreased or increased hip, knee and ankle flexion

A

decreased

69
Q

witth gait changes in older adults, is there decrease or increased power generation at push off

A

decrease

70
Q

witth gait changes in older adults, there is a decrease in what joint movements

A

decrease hip, knee and ankle flexion

71
Q

where does power generation and push off come from

A

planar flexion or gastroc and soleus

72
Q

what is stance phase

A

the amount of time with both feet on the grond

73
Q

what is the mode for aerobic exercise frail seniors

A

large muscle activties (walking, chair exercise, cycling, swimming)

74
Q

what is the mode for strength exercise frail seniors

A

low level
progressive ressitnsce exercise

free weights,machines, isokinetic machones

75
Q

what is the mode for flexibility exercise frail seniors

A

stretching

76
Q

what is the mode for neuromuscular exercise frail seniors

A

one foot stand, tandem gait, balance exercises

77
Q

what is the goal for aerobic exercise frail seniors

A

increased functional capacity and independnce

incrnease CV fitness

78
Q

what is the goal for strength exercise frail seniors

A

PREVENT OF REVERSE FRAILITY

icnrease overall muscular strength and endurance and mobility

79
Q

what is the goal for flexiblity exercise frail seniors

A

PREVENT INJRY (EX; FROZEN SHOULDER)

maintain or icrease ROM

80
Q

what is the goal for neuromuscular exercise frail seniors

A

PREVENT FALLS

incnrease balance and coordiantion
decrease time of reaction

81
Q

what is the MAIN goal for aerobic exercise frail seniors

A

increase functionnal capacity and independance

82
Q

what is the MAIN goal for sttrength exercise frail seniors

A

prevennt or reverse fraility

83
Q

what is the MAIN goal for flexibilty exercise frail seniors

A

prevent injury (ex: frozen shoulderr)

84
Q

what is the MAIN goal for neuromuscular exercise frail seniors

A

prevent falls

85
Q

what are the recommendation (FITT) for aerobit for frail seniors

A
  • Intensity: RPE ≈9-11 (LIGHT)
  • Frequency: 3-5 days/week
  • Duration: 30 min/session (OR BROKEN DOWN)
  • Allow rest periods
86
Q

what are the recommendation (FITT) for srtength for frail seniors

A 
• Start program without weight:
add weight slowly
• 10-15 reps for 3 sets
• 3 days/week
• ± 20 min/session
87
Q

what are the recommendation (FITT) for flexibility for frail seniors

A
  • Stretches sustained for 10 to 30 sec (3 to 5 reps)

* 2-3 times/week

88
Q

what are the recommendation (FITT) for neuromuscular for frail seniors

A
  • 2-3 times/week

* Reduce and/or distract vision during exercises

210 - kcep (14 decks)

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