lecture 14 - overview & upper respiratory tract

Question 1

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

Conduct warm, clean, moist air into close proximity with blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange. Also facilitates olfaction (smell) and produces sound

Question 2

What are the 3 key functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 2

Gas exchange with circulatory system, producing sound, facilitating olfaction

Question 3

What are the 3 key parts of the respiratory system?

Answer 3

Upper respiratory tract, Lower respiratory tract, Thorax

Question 4

What are the key components of the thorax?

Answer 4

Thoracic cavity, joints, bones, respiratory muscles

Question 5

What are the 2 key zones of the respiratory system?

Answer 5

Conducting and respiratory zones

Question 6

What are the 2 key cavities of the Respiratory system?

Answer 6

Nasal and oral cavities

Question 7

What is the entire respiratory tract lined with?

Answer 7

Epithelium called mucosa

Question 8

What is the basic structure of the epithelium/mucosa that lines the respiratory tract?

Answer 8

Epithelium is attached via a basement membrane to the lamina propria

Question 9

What are the 4 key types of epithelium found in different parts of the respiratory tract?

Answer 9

Respiratory epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium, simple squamous epithelium, olfactory mucosa

Question 10

What type of epithelium is found in the majority of the conducting region of the respiratory tract ?

Answer 10

Respiratory epithelium

Question 11

What type of epithelium is found in places where food (and air) travel?

Answer 11

Stratified squamous

Question 12

What type of epithelium is found at the site of gas exchange in the respiratory tract?

Answer 12

Simple squamous

Question 13

What type of epithelium is found at sites of olfaction?

Answer 13

Olfactory mucosa

Question 14

What is the the histological structure of respiratory mucosa?

Answer 14

Epithelia, basement membrane, lamina propria (containing glands), Submucosa (containing glands)

Question 15

What is the type of epithelium making up the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 15

Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)

Question 16

What is the meaning of pseudostratified?

Answer 16

A layer of cells that appears to be stratified - have several layers, but is actually just a single layer of (usually) columnar cells

Question 17

What regions is respiratory epithelium found?

Answer 17

Nasal cavity, part of pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi

Question 18

What cells in the respiratory epithelium make mucus?

Answer 18

Goblet cells

Question 19

What is the function of mucus in the respiratory system?

Answer 19

Sticky substance that traps debris and moistens air

Question 20

What is the structure and function of cilia on the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 20

hairlike organelles that beat back and forth to move mucus towards the pharynx where it can be swallowed and digested.

Question 21

What are the 3 key components of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 21

Nose & nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, pharynx

Question 22

What is the common name for the pharynx?

Answer 22

Throat

Question 23

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

Answer 23

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 24

What is the function of the nose in terms of respiration?

Answer 24

It’s the primary passageway for air entering the respiratory system

Question 25

What is the bridge of the nose made up of?

Answer 25

2 nasal bones

Question 26

What is the end of the external nose made up of?

Answer 26

Cartilage

Question 27

What is the structure and function of the cartilage of the nose?

Answer 27

Soft flexible cartilage that maintains a patent/unobstructed airway

Question 28

What is the medical name for the nostrils?

Answer 28

External nares

Question 29

What are the external nares?

Answer 29

The nostrils

Question 30

What is found immediately inside the nostrils/external nares?

Answer 30

Vestibule, lined with skin

Question 31

What is the structure of the vestibule of the nose?

Answer 31

Lined with skin and contains sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair follicles (vibrissae)

Question 32

What is the name for the hairs found in the vestibule of the nose?

Answer 32

Vibrissae

Question 33

What is the function of vibrissae?

Answer 33

They filter air

Question 34

What is the structure of the nasal septum?

Answer 34

Made up of cartilage anteriorly and bone posteriorly

Question 35

What bones form the roof of the nasal cavity?

Answer 35

Ethmoid and sphenoid bones

Question 36

What is the floor of the nasal cavity formed by?

Answer 36

The hard and soft palates

Question 37

What are the relative positions of the hard and soft palates?

Answer 37

Hard anterior, soft posterior

Question 38

Where are conchae found?

Answer 38

On the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

Question 39

How many conchae are there?

Answer 39

3

Question 40

What are the names of the 3 conchae?

Answer 40

Superior, middle and inferior

Question 41

What is the alternative name for conchae?

Answer 41

Turbinates

Question 42

What covers the surface of the conchae?

Answer 42

Respiratory epithelium

Question 43

What is the function of the conchae?

Answer 43

Swirl inspired air so that foreign particles stick to the mucosa, and increase time for warming and humidifying of air and olfactory detection

Question 44

What is nasal epithelium made up of?

Answer 44

Mostly of respiratory epithelium, but also contains a specialised area of olfactory epithelium

Question 45

Where are the olfactory receptors found?

Answer 45

The roof of the nasal cavity, in olfactory epithelium

Question 46

What feature of the nasal mucosa helps to warm incoming air?

Answer 46

Vascular plexus of blood vessels that sits close to surface

Question 47

What happens to the vascular plexus of the nasal cavity when air temperature drops?

Answer 47

Plexus dilates for greater heat transfer

Question 48

What is a paranasal sinus?

Answer 48

Cavities in the bones surrounding the nasal cavity

Question 49

What bones are the paranasal sinuses found within (4)?

Answer 49

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

Question 50

What are the paranasal sinuses lined with?

Answer 50

Respiratory mucosa

Question 51

Where do the paranasal sinuses drain?

Answer 51

Into the pharynx

Question 52

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses (3)?

Answer 52

Lighten skull, increase surface area to clean, warm and moisten air, sound resonance

Question 53

What is the cause of blocked sinuses?

Answer 53

Infected mucus blocks paranasal sinus drainage

Question 54

What is the overall structure of the pharynx?

Answer 54

Muscular funnel shaped tube shared by the respiratory and digestive system

Question 55

What passes through the nasopharynx?

Answer 55

Air only

Question 56

What lines the nasopharynx?

Answer 56

Respiratory mucosa

Question 57

Where is the nasopharynx located?

Answer 57

Posterior to the nasal cavity, anterior to the oro- and laryngo- pharynxes

Question 58

Where does the nasopharynx extend?

Answer 58

From posterior nares to the soft palate

Question 59

What structures block the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food entering the nasal cavity?

Answer 59

The soft palate and uvula

Question 60

Where do the auditory tubes drain to?

Answer 60

The nasopharynx

Question 61

Where do the auditory tubes drain from?

Answer 61

The middle ear

Question 62

What part of the pharynx are the pharyngeal tonsils found?

Answer 62

Posterior wall of the nasopharynx

Question 63

What passes through the oropharynx?

Answer 63

Air and food

Question 64

What is the oropharynx lined with?

Answer 64

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 65

What is the fucntion of the stratified squamous epithelium of the oropharynx?

Answer 65

Protects against abrasion, e.g. from food

Question 66

Where is the oropharynx located?

Answer 66

Posterior to the oral cavity and inferior to the nasopharynx, superior to the laryngopharynx

Question 67

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

Answer 67

From the palate to the hyoid bone

Question 68

What tonsils are found in the oropharynx?

Answer 68

The palatine and lingual tonsils

Question 69

What part of the pharynx are the palatine and lingual tonsils found in?

Answer 69

The oropharynx

Question 70

What passes through the laryngopharynx?

Answer 70

Air and food

Question 71

What is the laryngopharynx lined with?

Answer 71

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 72

What are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?

Answer 72

From the hyoid bone superiorly to the opening of the larynx/beginning of oesophagus inferiorly, where the respiratory and digestive tracts diverge