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HUBS192 2022 > lecture 16 - thorax anatomy & breathing > Flashcards

lecture 16 - thorax anatomy & breathing Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 key compartments of the thoracic cavity?

A

The mediastinum and 2 pleural cavities

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2
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

Sternum

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3
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

thoracic vertebrae

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4
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

ribs

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5
Q

What is the superior boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

base of neck

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6
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

Diaphragm

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7
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

A region lying between the lungs in the thoracic cavity that contains the oesophagus, trachea and heart

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8
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

Heart, vessels, pericardium, trachea, oesophagus

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9
Q

What do the pleural cavities contain?

A

Each has a lung

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10
Q

Why are the 2 pleural cavities seperate?

A

So that if one lung stops the functioning, the other can act separately

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11
Q

What is the pleural cavity lined with?

A

The parietal (against cavity) and visceral (against lungs) pleura

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12
Q

What fundamentally drives ventilation?

A

Pressure changes in the thoracic cavity

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13
Q

What is the relationship between pressure and volume in the thoracic cavity?

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume (P=1/V)

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14
Q

What happens to the volume in the thorax during inspiration?

A

It increases (as pressure decreases)

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15
Q

What happens to the volume in the thorax during expiration?

A

It decreases (as pressure increases)

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16
Q

What happens to the pressure in the thorax during inspiration?

A

It decreases (as volume increases)

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17
Q

What happens to the pressure in the thorax during expiration?

A

It increases (as volume decreases)

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18
Q

Why does a smaller volume create higher pressure?

A

A smaller space for the same amount of gas leads to more collisions and therefore increased pressure

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19
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

P=1/V - pressure is inversely proportional to volume

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20
Q

How does air move between areas of varying pressure?

A

Moves from high to low pressure

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21
Q

What is the relative pressure inside and outside the thoracic cavity during inspiration?

A

Pressure inside < Pressure outside

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22
Q

What is the relative pressure inside and outside the thoracic cavity during expiration?

A

Pressure outside < Pressure inside

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23
Q

What is the relative pressure inside and outside the thoracic cavity between breaths?

A

Pressure outside = Pressure inside

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24
Q

What joins the sternum to the ribs?

A

Costal cartilage

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25
What type of cartilage is costal cartilage?
Hyaline
26
What joints connect the costal cartilage of the ribs to the sternum?
Sternocostal joints
27
What type of joint in the sternocostal joint?
Synovial, except the 1st, which is cartilaginous
28
What do the sternocostal joints connect?
The ribs and sternum
29
What joints connect the ribs to the costal cartilage?
Costochondral joints
30
What type of joint are costochondral joints?
Cartilaginous joints
31
What do costochondral joints connect?
Ribs and costal cartialge
32
What joints connect costal cartilage in the lower ribs?
Interchondral joints
33
What type of joint are interchondral joints?
Synovial joints
34
What is the name for the joints between costal cartilage in the lower ribs?
Interchondral joints
35
What are the posterior thoracic joints?
Joints that articulate the thoracic vertebrae and ribs
36
What are the 2 types of posterior thoracic joints?
Costotransvere and costovertebral joints
37
What do costotransverse joints connect?
The rib and the transverse process of vertebrae
38
What do costovertebral joints connect?
The rib and the body of vertebrae
39
What are the primary respiratory muscles?
Diaphragm & intercostal muscles
40
What is the structure of the diaphragm?
It is a sheet of skeletal muscle
41
What does the diaphragm seperate?
The thorax and the abdomen
42
How does the volume of the thoracic cavity change when the diaphragm contracts?
cavity expands - increased volume
43
How does the volume of the thoracic cavity change when the diaphragm relaxes?
Cavity shrinks - decreased volume
44
What is the shape of the diaphragm when contracted?
Flattened
45
What is the shape of the diaphragm when relaxed?
Dome shaped
46
What does contraction of the diaphragm do to the abdominopelvic cavity?
compresses it
47
How do the intercostal muscles attach to the ribs?
Attach diagonally between neighbouring ribs
48
What movement do the external intercostal muscles create?
They lift the rib cage and expand cavity
49
What movement do the internal intercostal muscles create?
Depress rib cage and decrease cavity volume
50
Which intercostal muscles expand the thoracic cavity?
External intercostals
51
Which intercostal muscles decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity?
Internal intercostal muscles
52
What is the collective function of the accessory muscles of the thoracic cavity?
To increase or decrease cavity volume for forced inspiration or expiration
53
What muscles are involved in normal, quiet inspiration?
Diaphragm contracts, external intercostals contract
54
What muscles are involved in normal, quiet expiration?
Diaphragm relaxes, external intercostals relax
55
What additional muscles are involved in active/forced inspiration?
Accessory muscles
56
What additional muscles are involved in active/forced expiration?
Accessory muscles, internal intercostals
57
What is the function of the pleura?
Lines the pleural cavity and makes the lungs stick to the thoracic wall as they expand during inspiration and decrease during expiration
58
What part of the pleura is in contact with the lungs?
Visceral pleura
59
What part of the pleura is in contact with the thoracic wall?
The parietal pleura
60
Where does pleural fluid sit?
between the parietal and visceral pleura
61
What is the function of pleural fluid?
Provides a slipper surface for frictionless movement against other structures. Fluid bond causes lungs to stick to the thoracic wall

HUBS192 2022 (38 decks)

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