Lecture 16

Question 1

What is structural geology?

Answer 1

Describes rock response to applied force

Question 2

What is force?

Answer 2

The push or pull that results in a change in the motion of a physical body of given mass- any body of rock

Question 3

What is stress?

Answer 3

Amount of force per unit area. Occur within the crust in every different part

Question 4

What is rock displacement?

Answer 4

When the rock changes place

Question 5

What is rock rotation?

Answer 5

When the rock changes position

Question 6

What is rock strain?

Answer 6

When the rock changes shape-all occur in parallel with the strain

Question 7

What is confining stress?

Answer 7

When forces are equal-region of crust is almost motionless (happens in the middle of the continent)

Question 8

What is differential stress?

Answer 8

Compression, tension, and shear forces passing next to each other.

Question 9

What is compression?

Answer 9

Pushing on the rock

Question 10

What is tension?

Answer 10

Stretches on the rock

Question 11

What is shear?

Answer 11

Force that is applied in two opposite directions.

Question 12

What are folds?

Answer 12

When everything about the rock changes, but cohesion remains unbroken (no breaks in the layers)

Question 13

What are faults?

Answer 13

Cohesion is broken when the rock changes

Question 14

What are folds caused by?

Answer 14

Ductile deformation- huge pressures that dominate in the deeper portions of crust (but occur everywhere)

Question 15

What are faults caused by?

Answer 15

Brittle deformation-dominates at the surface

Question 16

What are the 3 types of folds?

Answer 16

Anticlines, synclines, and monoclines.

Question 17

What are anticlines?

Answer 17

When the 2 sides of the rock converge upwards (upside down U shape)

Question 18

What are synclines?

Answer 18

When the two sides converge downwards (U shape).

Question 19

What are monoclines?

Answer 19

One branch converges in a direction

Question 20

Which type of fold needs the least amount of crustal forces?

Answer 20

Monoclines

Question 21

What is the hinge?

Answer 21

The junction line of the two sides

Question 22

What are the 6 different types of anticlines?

Answer 22

Horizontal, plunging, perpendicular, overturned, and recumbent, inclined

Question 23

What is a horizontal anticline?

Answer 23

When the hinge is parallel to the ground

Question 24

What is a plunging anticline?

Answer 24

Hinge is angled towards the ground

Question 25

What is the axial plane?

Answer 25

Thing that unites hinges of successive layers

Question 26

What is a perpendicular anticline?

Answer 26

When limbs dip in different directions

Question 27

What is an inclined anticline?

Answer 27

Limbs dip in different directions, but at different angles

Question 28

What is an overturned anticline>

Answer 28

The axial plane is at an angle. Limb dip in the SAME direction at different angles.

Question 29

What is a recumbent anticline?

Answer 29

Axial plane is paraellel. Limbs dip in opposite directions (But opposite from upright and inclined)

Question 30

What are the 2 broad types of faults?

Answer 30

Joints-faults without movement | Faults- With movement

Question 31

What is a horizontal fault also known as?

Answer 31

Strike-slip-moves sidways

Question 32

What is a vertical fault also known as?

Answer 32

Dip-slip fault-one side moves up

Question 33

What are faults that move both horizontally and vertically called?

Answer 33

Oblique slip faults

Question 34

What are hanging walls and footwalls?

Answer 34

Hanging walls- the block above the fault | Footwalls-the block below the fault

Question 35

What type of fault is the most common in nature?

Answer 35

Oblique slip.

Question 36

What are the 3 types of faults?

Answer 36

Normal, reverse, and thrust

Question 37

What is a normal fault?

Answer 37

Hanging wall is moved down with respect to the footwall

Question 38

What is a reverse fault?

Answer 38

Hanging wall is moved up with respect to footwall-creates a zone of compression

Question 39

What type of fault are the rocky mountains?

Answer 39

Reverse Fault

Question 40

What is a thrust fault?

Answer 40

Tilted faults (exceptional cases). Push from crustal forces happen over long periods.