Textbook Lecture 2

Question 1

Who was the first to discover atoms?

Answer 1

Democritus

Question 2

Who discovered the electron?

Answer 2

JJ Thompson

Question 3

What is the ranking of bonds from strongest to weakest?

Answer 3

Covalent, Ionic, Van Der Waals

Question 4

How is carbon bonded in graphite?

Answer 4

Hexagonal corners: Covalent bonds

Adjacent layers: Van der Waals

Question 5

Why is colour so variable?

Answer 5

Due to the amount of available ions in environment and crystal structure flexibility

Question 6

Are native elements rock forming?

Answer 6

No. Exception is carbon and graphite

Question 7

What kind of crystals are in metals/metallic sulphides?

Answer 7

Isometric

Question 8

What are some examples of sulphides?

Answer 8

Pyrite, galena, molybendite, calcopyrite, realgar, orpiment, stibnite

Question 9

What kinds of crystals make up the sulfosalts?

Answer 9

Prismatic

Question 10

What are halides?

Answer 10

Minerals in which cation is a metallic element and anion is a halogen. Cubic crystal system, bright colours, low weight, accepts impurities, largely evaporite rocks

Question 11

What are evaporite rocks?

Answer 11

Rocks that form in shallow sedimentary basins

Question 12

What are some examples of halides?

Answer 12

Halite, sylvite, fluorite, carnalite

Question 13

What carbonate is present in shells of organisms?

Answer 13

Aragonite-after death, crystalizes into calcite

Question 14

What are some examples of carbonates?

Answer 14

Calcite, dolomite, magnesite, rhodochrosite, siderite, baritocalcite, strontianite

Question 15

What kinds of crystal systems make up oxides?

Answer 15

Cubic and hexagonal

Question 16

What are some examples of aluminum oxides?

Answer 16

Corundum, ruby, sapphire.

Question 17

What kind of mineral is dominant in the Earth’s mantle and crust?

Answer 17

Silicates

Question 18

How is the silica atom bonded in a silica tetrahedra?

Answer 18

Covalently to four oxygen atoms

Question 19

Which type of silicate has no bonds with the silica tetrhedra?

Answer 19

Nesosilicates (isolated tetrahedra)

Question 20

Which type of silicates have cleavage surfaces and foliated habits?

Answer 20

Phyllosilicates (sheet)

Question 21

What silicate is most commonly found in the Earths crust?

Answer 21

Tectosilicates (framework)

Question 22

What is the most common mineral in the earths crust and what type of silicate is it?

Answer 22

Quartz-tectosilicate

Question 23

Where does magma originate?

Answer 23

In the mantle and lower crusts

Question 24

What is nucleation?

Answer 24

Earliest stage in formation of crystal structure

Question 25

What is a unit cell?

Answer 25

Smallest part of crystal structure which consists of component ions and atoms and their bonds

Question 26

What type of rock is intrusive?

Answer 26

Granite

Question 27

What type of rock is extrusive?

Answer 27

Basalt

Question 28

What is a holohylline rock?

Answer 28

Consist entirely of amorphous substance-extrusive

Question 29

What is a holocrystalline rock?

Answer 29

Consists of minerals only, no glass. Only intrusive roks

Question 30

What is a hypohaline or hypocrystalline rock?

Answer 30

Contain both large sized minerals and glawss in their mass-both intrusive and extrusive

Question 31

What kind of rock has a phaneritic texture?

Answer 31

Granite

Question 32

What kind of rock has an aphanatic texture?

Answer 32

Basalts

Question 33

What kind of rock has a glassy texture?

Answer 33

Obsidian

Question 34

What kind of rock has a fragmental texture?

Answer 34

Tuff

Question 35

What are poikilitic rocks?

Answer 35

Igneous rock texture containing smaller minerals that formed quickly enclosed in large slower forming minerals

Question 36

What is a lopolith?

Answer 36

Large sized, concordant igneous rocks. Concave side situated upwards

Question 37

What is a laccolith?

Answer 37

Concordant igneous rocks, flat base, domed top

Question 38

What are phacoliths?

Answer 38

Concordant rocks with lens shaped bodies

Question 39

What is characteristic of silica rich lava?

Answer 39

Viscous, traps more gas, explosive eruptions

Question 40

What type of lava flows form actual lava flows?

Answer 40

Magnesium rich

Question 41

What is the largest extrusive rock structure?

Answer 41

Lava plateaus (successions of stacked lava flows)

Question 42

How do basalitic plains differ from lava flows?

Answer 42

Origin of lava. Basalitic plains have a single source of eruption, whereas lava plateaus are formed from multiple fractures.

Question 43

What are pyroclastic sheets?

Answer 43

Pyroclastic material settling after eruptions

Question 44

What is pyroclastic material?

Answer 44

Volcanic bombs, lapilli, ash (TUFF)

Question 45

What are shield cones?

Answer 45

Volcanic mountaints that form in basaltic plains and consist of a succession of lava flows.

Question 46

What are composite cones?

Answer 46

Alternating lava flows and pyroclastic material

Question 47

What are cinder cones?

Answer 47

Small structures that are almost completely pyroclastic

Question 48

What are the four components of clastic (sedimentary) rocks?

Answer 48

Clasts, matrix, cement, pores

Question 49

What is a clast?

Answer 49

Fragments of preexisting rocks consisting of one or more materials

Question 50

What is a matrix?

Answer 50

Finer, allocthonous clastic material. Occurs in space between larger clasts

Question 51

What is cement?

Answer 51

Formed in space between clasts through mineral precipitation from solution after clasts are part of cement

Question 52

What are caternary pores?

Answer 52

Connected with other pores and allow fluid flow in subsurface. Excellent permeability

Question 53

What are cul-de-sac pores?

Answer 53

Pores that allow fluid to fill, but not flow

Question 54

What are closed pores?

Answer 54

Do not allow fluid to flow, rarely filled with important fluids

Question 55

Which rocks are the most weathered?

Answer 55

Silica rich rocks

Question 56

What is the slowest kind of transportation?

Answer 56

Glacier

Question 57

How are metamorphic rocks made?

Answer 57

High temperature, high pressure, oriented stress, chemical reactions

Question 58

What is the initial rock (before metamorpheses) known as?

Answer 58

Protolith

Question 59

What is lithostatic and fluid pressures?

Answer 59

Lithostatic- weight of layers | Fluid- fluid phases existing in fractures or rock porees

Question 60

Where does regional metamorphism occur?

Answer 60

Plate collision zones, mountain ranges.

Question 61

What are the most frequent metamorphic rocks formed in regional metamorphism?

Answer 61

Schists

Question 62

Where does contact metamorpism occur?

Answer 62

In rocks that are close to igneous intrusions (local)

Question 63

What are the most frequent metamorphic rocks formed by contact metamorphism?

Answer 63

Marble through the recrystallization of limestone

Question 64

What are the most frequent metamorphic rocks formed by burial metamorphism?

Answer 64

Slates

Question 65

What is high pressure and low temperature metamorphism?

Answer 65

Occurs in regions of subduction where the rocks are subject to high pressures (local and regional)

Question 66

What is the porphyroblastic texture?

Answer 66

A type of foliated texture, characterized by the occurence of large sized minerals in a mass of finer rok wit foliated texture.