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Microbiology > Lecture 18 antimicrobial agents > Flashcards

Lecture 18 antimicrobial agents Flashcards

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1
Q

Paul ehrlich

A

german physician and bacteriologist

observed dyes stain in bacterial cells

searched for magic bullet that would kill pathogens without harming human

Salvarsan

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2
Q

Gerhard domagk

A

Red dye prontosil
used to treat step infections in animal

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3
Q

Chemotherapeutic agents

A

Salvrsan, red dye prontosil

chemicals used to treat disease

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4
Q

Who discovered penicillin

A

Fleming

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5
Q

First antibiotic

A

Penicillin G

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6
Q

Selman waksman purified

A

Streptomycin

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7
Q

Selective toxicity

A

Causes greater harm to microbes than human host

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8
Q

Toxicity is relative and expressed as

A

therapeutic index

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9
Q

Therepeutic index

A

lowest dose toxic to patient divided by dose used for therapy

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10
Q

Penicillin G has a ______ therapeutic index

A

high

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11
Q

TI equation

A

LD50/ED50

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12
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

chemicals inhibit bacterial growth

Patient’s defense must eliminate pathogen

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13
Q

Bactericidal

A

chemical kills bacteria

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14
Q

broad-spectrum antimicrobials are important for treating ______ dsiease

A

acute, life-threatening

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15
Q

Negative side effect of broad-spectrum antibmicrobials

A

can disrupt microbiome that helps keep out pathogens, dysbiosis

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16
Q

Narrow spectrum antibiotics

A

affectlimiated range

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17
Q

Narrow spectrum antibiotics requires

A

identification, susceptibility of pathogen

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18
Q

Half life of medication

A

time it takes for serum concentration to decrease by 50%

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19
Q

Half life medication dictates

A

frequency of doses required

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20
Q

adverse effects of antibiotics

A

allergic reactions, toxic effects, dysbiosis

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21
Q

intrinsic resistance

A

structural resistance of bacteria, outer membrane of gram negatives block any meds

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22
Q

Bacterial may develop ______ resistance

A

Acquired

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23
Q

Bacterial processes affected by antibiotics

A

cell wall synthesis
protein synthesis
nucleic acid synthesis
metabolic pathways
cell membranes

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24
Q

Beta lactam antibiotics have a ______ and ______ therapeutic infex

A

Beta lactam ring, high

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25
Beta lactam antibiotics competitively inhibit ______
Penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)
26
PBPs
catalyze formation of peptide bridges between adjacent glycan strands, disrupt cell wall sythesis
27
PBPs are only effective against
actively growing cells
28
what does Beta lactam antibiotics do to gram cells
peptidoglycan of gram positives exposed outer membrane of gram negatives blocked
29
Penicillinase
inactivates members of penicillin family
30
______ inactive a wide variety of beta lactam meds
extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBLs)
31
gram ______ produce more Beta lactamase than gram ______
Negatives, positives
32
Extended spectrum penicillins have greater activity against ______ species
enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas
33
ESBLs have reduced activity against gram______
positives
34
Augmentin
Penicillin + beta lactamase inhibtor added to protect penicillin from being degraded by B-lactamase
35
Cephalosporins
resistant to B-lactamase has low affinity for PBPs of gram positives
36
Glycopeptide antibiotics
bind to amino acid side chain of NAM molecules Blocks peptidoglycan synthesis
37
Glycopeptide antibiotics are only effective against gram ______
positives
38
Side effects of glycopeptide antibiotics give ______ TI
Low
39
most widely used glycopeptide
Vancomysin
40
Bacitracin
Toxicity limits to topic applications
41
Ribosomes of prokaryotes
70S
42
Ribosomes of eukaryotes
80S
43
Ribosomes of mitochondria
70S
44
Aminoglycosides ______ bind to 30S, causing malfunction Bacteriocidal
Irreversibly
45
Aminoglycosides block initiation of ______, causes misreading of ______
translation mRNA
46
Aminoglycosides is ineffective against
Anaerobes, enterococci, streptococci
47
inhaled form of ______ treats pseudomonas lung infections in cystic fibrosis
Tobramycin
48
Tetracyclines ______ bind to 30S
Reversibly
49
Tetracyclines block ______ attachment, prevent translation
tRNA
50
Tetracyclines are effective against
Gram positives, gram negatives
51
Glycylcyclines are effective against bacteria resistant to ______
Tetracyclines
52
Macrolides ______ bind to ______ unit
reversibly, 50S
53
When is macrolides used
When patient is alelrgic to penicillin
54
Macrolides is a bacteriostatic against gram ______
positives
55
Macrolides are not effective against
Enterebacteriacaea
56
Resistance of macrolides occurs from modification of ______
Ribosomal RNA target
57
Chloramphenical binds to ______ subunit
50S
58
Chloramphenicol is used to ______ side effect
lethal
59
Fluoroquinolones inhibits ______
Topoisomerases
60
What is topoisomerases
Enzymes that maintain supercoiling of DNA
61
Fluoroquinolines is when ______ breaks, rejoins strands to relieve strain from localized unwinding of DNA
DNA Gyrase
62
Rifamycins block ______, prevents initiation of ______
RNA polymerase, transcription
63
Rifampin is a bactericidal against gram ______
positives
64
Folate inhibitors are most useful for
interfering with metabolic
65
Animals lack enzymes to synthesize folate, requires in ______
diet
66
Sulfonamides are ______ drugs
Sulfa
67
Sulfa drugs are similar to ______, so enzymes binds chemical
PABA
68
______ inhibits enzyme in later step
Trimethoprim
69
Sulfa drugs is an example of ______
competitive inhibition
70
Combination of trimathoprim and sulfonamide forms
Co-trimoxazole
71
Daptomycin inserts into ______
cytoplasmic membrane
72
Daptomycin is ineffective against ______
gram negatives
73
Polymyxins bind to membranes of ______
gram negatives
74
______ drugs are effective to mycobacterium
First line
75
______ inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
Isoniazid
76
______ inhibits enzymes required for other cell component synthesis
Ehtambutol
77
______ interferes with protein synthesis
Pyrazinamide
78
kirby bauer disc diffusion test
sample of strain uniformly spread on agar with different antibiotics placed drugs diffuse outwards zone of inhibition used to determine whether strain is susceptible
79
minimum inhibitory concetrion
lowest concentration that prevents growth in vitro
80
Minimum bacterial concentration
lowest concentration that kills all cells in vitro
81
Resistance to antimicrobial meds is increasing because
increasing use, misuse for resistant microorganisms
82
Antibiotic inactivation enzymes
bacteria produce enzymes that interfere with drug
83
example of antibiotic inactivation enzymes
Penicillinase, extended spectrum B-lactamase
84
Alteration in target molecule
Minor structural changes to target can prevent binding
85
Decreased uptake of medication
caused by changes in porin proteins which selectively permit molecules to pass membrane stops entry of antibiotic
86
Decreased uptake of medications occurs in gram ______
negatives
87
Increased elimination of medication
Cell makes more efflux pumps, compound is ejected faster
88
Spontaneous mutations can be caused by a single ______ change in gene
base-pair, encodes a ribosomal protein
89
Combination therapy
combining multiple medications to a cell with a spontaneous mutation so that at least one of them will kill it
90
gene transfer is commonly ______
conjugative transfer of R plasmids which carry several different resistance genes
91
Resistance genes on R plasmids originate from
spontaneous mutations microbes that naturally produce the antibiotic

Microbiology (16 decks)

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