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Microbiology > Lecture 11 Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Innate Immunity Flashcards

(122 cards)

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1
Q

What is the most abundand WBC, most active and potent phagocytic killer

A

Neutrophils

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2
Q

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

A

Rapid response, move into area and eliminate invaders

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3
Q

Neutrophils are most critical in what stages of inflammations?

A

early

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4
Q

neutrophils are the first to be recruited from _______ to _______

A

Bloodstream to site of damage

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5
Q

neutrophils are more powerful than _______

A

macrophages

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6
Q

when do neutrophils die?

A

once an assault on microbe is made

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7
Q

neutrophils kill microbes via phagocytosis and release of _______

A

granule content

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8
Q

Granular contents are

A

lysozyme, defensins, myeloperoxidase

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9
Q

neutrophiles can release DNA to form what?

A

neutrophile extracellular traps (NETs) catching microbes, allowing enzymes and pepetides from granules to destroy them

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10
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation

A

contain site of damage, localize response, eliminate invader, restore tissue function

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11
Q

What does inflammation result in

A

swelling, redness, heat, pain, sometimes loss of function

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12
Q

What triggers inflammation

A

Pattern recognition receptors

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13
Q

What do PRRs do?

A

detect MAMPS and DAMPS

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14
Q

What are MAMPs and DAMPs?

A

microbe associated
damage associated molecular patterns

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15
Q

Host cells release _______ during inflammation

A

Inflammatory mediators (cytokines, histamine)

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16
Q

MAMPS cause release of what

A

tumor necrosis factor

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17
Q

TNF does what?

A

induces liver to produce acute phase proteins that activate complement

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18
Q

blood vessel damage starts two enzymatic cascades which lead to

A

coagulation and increased vessel permeability

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19
Q

what happens to small blood vessels during inflammation

A

they dilate
greater blood flow, slower flow rate
leakage of fluids

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20
Q

What happens to leukocytes during inflammation/

A

migrate from bloodstream to tissues

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21
Q

what is margination

A

endothelial cells grab phagocytes and slow them down

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22
Q

What is diapedesis

A

phagocytes squeeze between cells of vessel

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23
Q

What do clotting factors do

A

wall off infection site, prevent bleeding, stop spread of microbes

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24
Q

What is acute inflammation

A

short term, mainly neutrophils, macrophages clean up damage by ingesting dead cells and debris

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25
if acute inflammation fails, what happens?
chronic inflammation
26
When inflammation happens, prevents spread but _______ builds
damage
27
What is necrosis
traumatic cell death due to damage
28
what is apoptosis
programmed cell death, does not trigger inflammatory response
29
What is pyropoptosis
triggers an inflammatory response that sacrifices infected cells
30
Fever is an indicator of what type of infection
bacterial
31
Temperature raises due to response to ______
pyrogens
32
what temp is a fever
above 37.8
33
What happens to bacteria above 37 degrees?
drops sharply, allows more time for defense
34
What happens to enzymes when temperature rises
increases rate of enzymes
35
What do first-line defenses do
barriers that block entry
36
Sentinel cells use________ receptors to idenfity unique microbial ocmponents
patten recognition systems
37
________ system found in blood and tissue fluid
complement
38
________ secreted with viral infection
Interferon
39
________ engulf microbes or cell debris
phagocytes
40
What are the first line defenses
Skin, mucous membranes of digestive tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract
41
Epidermis is filled with ________
keratin
42
________ degrade peptidoglycan
lysozyme
43
________ form antimicrobials, consume hydrogen peroxide to create more reactive forms of O2
peroxidases
44
________ and ________ bind iron
Lactoferrin, transferrin
45
________ form pores in microbial membranes
Defensins
46
Normal microbioate produces ________
toxic compounds
47
What is the formation and development of immune system called
Hematopoiesis
48
blood cells originate from ________ cells
Hematopoiesis stem cells
49
Hematapoietic stem cells are induced to develop by ________
colony stimulating factors
50
What are the three categories of cells in immune system
Red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells
51
What do RBC do
Carry O2
52
Platelets involved in ________
clotting
53
White blood cells ________
host defenses
54
Granulocytes contain ________ granules, named based on staining properties
cytoplasmic
55
Neutrophils circulate in ________ destroys ________
blood bacteria
56
Basophils involved in ________
allergic reactions
57
What cells are similar to basophils
mast cells
58
Eosinophils fight ________
parasitic worms
59
what two cells have histamine
Basophils, eosinophils
60
________ differentiate from monocytes
macrophages
61
What are the types of mononuclear phagocytes
monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
62
What are macrophages
large eaters
63
dendritic cells are ________ cells function as ________
sentinel scouts
64
Dendritic cells bring material to cells for ________
inspection
65
Dendritic cells develop from ________
monocytes
66
________ are responsible for adaptive immunity
lymphocytes
67
What are two types of lymphocytes
B cells, T cells
68
Innate lymphoid cells lack
antigen recognition specificity
69
Type of ILC that destroys certain types of cells
Natural killer cells
70
Surface receptors serve as ________ of cell
eyes and ears
71
Surface receptors bind to ________ induces response
ligand
72
cytokines are ________ of cell, transmits ________
voices, signals
73
Cytokines act at a ________ concentration
low
74
________ allow cells to adhere to other cells
adhesion molecules
75
What are the five times of cytokines
chemokines, CSF, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor
76
Chemokines
chemotaxis of immune cells
77
CSF is the multiplication and differentiation of ______
LEUKOCYTES
78
Interferons
Control of viral infections, regulation of immune response
79
Interleukins
Produced by leukocytes, tells cell how to differentiate
80
Tumor necrosis factor
inflammation, apoptosis
81
What do pattern recognition receptors do?
see signs of microbial invasion, lead to cytokine secretion
82
________ detected by PRRs
Microbe associated molecules patterns
83
What do MAMPs include
cell wall components, flagellin subunits, microbial nucleci acid
84
Damage associated molecular patterns indicate ________
host cell damage
85
Pattern recognition receptors are located where
cell surface, endosomes, phagosomes, cytoplasm
86
Toll likes receptors are anchored in what type of cells
sentinel
87
Surface TLRs monitor ________
extracellular environment
88
TLRs in phagosomal or endosomal membranes of organelles characterize what
ingested materials
89
Dendritic cells have both ________ and ________
TLRs and CLRs
90
PRRs detect viral ________
RNA
91
Interferon causes neighboring cells to express ________
inactive antiviral proteins
92
iAVPs activated by ________
viral dsRNA
93
What is the complement system?
proteins that circulate the blood and tissue fluid
94
Proteins named in order
C1 through C9
95
Three protective functions of complement
Opsonization (augmenting phagocytosis) Promote inflammation Lysis of invading cells
96
Alternative pathway is triggered when ________ binds to foreign cell surfaces
C3b
97
Lectin pathway is ________ molecules bind to mannose of microbial cells
Pattern recognition molecules (MBLs)
98
Classical pathway is activated by ________ bound to antigen which interact with complement systme
antibodies
99
In opsonization, C3b binds to bacterial cells promotes engulfment by phagocytes that attach to ________
Opsonins
100
in inflammatory response, ________ attracts phagocytes to area ________ and ________ increase permeability of blood vessels including mast and other cells
C5a C3a and C5a
101
In lysis of foreign cells, complements of proteins assemble to form ________
Membrane attack complexes
102
MACs cause pores in the membrane, causing the cell to ________
lyse
103
phagocytes________ material invading microbes
engulf
104
In chemotaxis, phagocytes are recruited by ________
chemoattractants
105
What is direct recognition and attachment
receptors bind mannose
106
What is indirect recognition and attachment
receptors bind to opsonins
107
in engulfment, pseudopods surround and form________
phagosome
108
phagosome maturation and phagolysosome
mature phagosome fuses with lysosome to form phagolysosome
109
destruction and digestion: ________ and ________ produced
Toxic ROS and nitric oxide
110
in destruction and digestion, pH increases or decreases?
Decreases
111
In destruction and digestion, ________ binds to iron
Lactoferrin
112
Exocytosis
vesicle fuses with cytoplasmic membrane, expel remains
113
Macrophages are important ________ cells
sentinel
114
macrophages ________ other immune cells
Alert
115
Macrophages ________ dead cells, debris, destroy invaders
Phagocytisze
116
________ are always present in tissues and are replaces by monocytes
macrophages
117
Activated macrophages are a response to ________ and ________
Cytokine activation and TLR response
118
________ macrophages have great killing power
M1
119
________ macrophages help resolve inflammation and promote tissue healing
M2
120
What three cells forms granulomas/
macrophages, giant cells, T cells
121
If macrophages are insufficient, what forms?
giant cells
122
________ can become a hard nodule to drain
Granulomas

Microbiology (16 decks)

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