Lecture 14 Applications of immune response

Question 1

seronegative

Answer 1

individual not exposed to antigen yet
has no specific antibodies to that pathogen

Question 2

Seropositive

Answer 2

Individual has been exposed to antigen
has produced specific antibodes to pathogen

Question 3

What is immunoassay

Answer 3

Any in vitro test that uses antibody-antigen interactions to detect an antigen in a sample

Question 4

Antibody concentration is determined by ________

Answer 4

serial dilution

Question 5

________ is reciprocal of last dilution that gives detectable antigen-antibody reaction

Answer 5

Titer (concentration_

Question 6

________ antibodies bind to various epitopes on an antigen

Answer 6

Polyclonal antibodies

Question 7

after animals are immunized, ________ cells response, produce a mix of antibodies

Answer 7

multiple B cells

Question 8

More ________ antigens will yield more antibodies

Answer 8

complex

Question 9

________ are obtained from animals immunized with IgG from human serum

Answer 9

anti human IgG

Question 10

________ recognize a single epitope

Answer 10

Monoclonal antibodies

Question 11

________ antibodies are produced only in the laboratory

Answer 11

Monoclonal antibodies

Question 12

Mabs can be used in

Answer 12

immunoassays or in therapy

Question 13

Obiltoxaximab was produced by ________

Answer 13

Monoclonal antibodies

Question 14

What is rhuMab

Answer 14

Recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody

Question 15

What are differences of RbuMab over Mab

Answer 15

Longer half-life
immune system less likely to destroy antibodies
medications end in -zumab
used to treat cancers

Question 16

Direct immunoassay

Answer 16

identify unknown antigen

Question 17

in direct immunoassay, antigen is attached to

Answer 17

solid surface

Question 18

indirect immunoassay

Answer 18

detect specific antibodies

Question 19

in indirect immunoassay, known antigen is attached to surface, ________ is added

Answer 19

serum

Question 20

In indirect immunoassay, ________ antibodies are added

Answer 20

secondary antibodies

Question 21

What are the names of the secondary antibodies added in indirect immunoassay

Answer 21

anti-human IgG

Question 22

Fluorescent antibody test uses fluorescence microscope to

Answer 22

locate labeled antibodies that are bound to antigens on a microscope slide

Question 23

In fluorescent antibody test, what characteristic of the antigen is seen?

Answer 23

sizem shape

Question 24

What is ELISA stand for

Answer 24

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

Question 25

Direct ELISA is when antigen is ________ by antibodies attached to surface ________ antibody added to detect antigens

Answer 25

captured enzyme-labeled

Question 26

Indirect ELISA detects antibodies in ________

Answer 26

human blood and serum

Question 27

What is indirect ELISA most commonly used for

Answer 27

Blood is screened for antibodies to HIV

Question 28

How ELISA works enzyme converts ________ to ________, detected using colorimetric assay

Answer 28

colorless substrate to colored product

Question 29

A pregnancy test tests for the presence of ________ in urine

Answer 29

hCG

Question 30

In a pregnancy test, if hCG is detected, it turns what color?

Answer 30

yellow

Question 31

If hCG is present in urine, it binds to ________ and turns the first stripe yellow

Answer 31

surface bound antibodies

Question 32

If hCG is present in urine, the second strip contains antibodies to the ________ which turns it yellow

Answer 32

Fab region of tagged antibody

Question 33

The second strip on a pregnancy test is a ________

Answer 33

control

Question 34

COVID antigen test tests for presence of ________

Answer 34

SARS-CoV2 spike antigen

Question 35

in COVID test, ________ solution flows to detection strip containing surface bound antibodies

Answer 35

buffer

Question 36

western blotting detects presence of specific protein in ________ mixture like cell lysate

Answer 36

Complex

Question 37

in western blotting, proteins are separated by size using ________

Answer 37

SDS-PAGE Type of gel electrophoresis

Question 38

western blotting proteins are transferred to ________ (blotted) serum added, unbound antibodies are ________ ________ is added label is detected

Answer 38

nylon membrane washed off enzyme

Question 39

What does the label on western blotting indicate

Answer 39

Which proteins on the blot were recognized by the antibodies in the serum

Question 40

What does fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) do?

Answer 40

counts, sorts cells labeled with fluorescent antibodies

Question 41

immunoassay may involve visible ________

Answer 41

antigen-antibody aggregates

Question 42

Antibodes that cross-link antigens create larger ________ of ________ cells

Answer 42

mouthfuls of phagocytic cells

Question 43

Clumped antigen-antibody complexes form the basis of

Answer 43

Agglutination, precipitation reactions

Question 44

agglutination cross-links ________ particles

Answer 44

Large particles like cells

Question 45

What is the direct agglutination test

Answer 45

Antibody mixes with antigen and binding causes clumping

Question 46

________ is used for blood typing

Answer 46

Hemagglutination

Question 47

________ agglutination used with antigens are small

Answer 47

Passive

Question 48

in passive agglutination, antibodies are attached to ________ to form larger aggregates

Answer 48

Latex beads

Question 49

in precipitation reactions, antibodies are bound to ________ antigens

Answer 49

soluble

Question 50

in precipitation reactions, separate suspensions are placed near each other and allowed to ________

Answer 50

Diffuse, immunodiffusion

Question 51

precipitate forms in zone of ________

Answer 51

optimal proportions