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PT 509 Physiology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Circulation of blood flow through the heart…

A

Starting at lungs…

1) Has O2, through Pulmonary being
2) Left atrium
3) Mitral valve
4) Left Ventricle
5) Aortic valve through Aorta
6) Out to the body
7) Superior/Inferior Vena Cava pumps back to…
8) Right atrium
9) Tricuspid valve
10) Intro Right Ventricle
11) Pulmonary artery to get more O2

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2
Q

Left side pumps to…

A

Peripheral Circulation organs (trunk, LE)

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3
Q

Right side pumps to…

A

Back to Pulmonary Circulation (lungs) to pick up more O2

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4
Q

Left side has more muscle why?

A

Has to pump blood to the rest of the body (greater surface area)

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5
Q

Prenatal Period: Days that link with placenta?

A

13-15 days

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6
Q

Prenatal Period: Heart?

A

20-50 days

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7
Q

Prenatal Period: When can you hear a heart beat?

A

8 weeks

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8
Q

Prenatal Period: Heart tubes?

A

3 weeks

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9
Q

Prenatal Period: L/R chambers?

A

5 weeks

4 chambers by 7 weeks

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10
Q

What is the additional structure in the fetal heart?

A

Foramen Ovale, you don’t need the circulation to the lungs

This should closed at birth, PFO.

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11
Q

Summary of infant vs adult heart?

A

Everything increase in size.

  • heart volume
  • cardiac muscle fibers
  • vascularization
  • maturation of myocytes
  • LV wall
  • arteries/veins
  • blood volume
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12
Q

Do males or females have a great cardiac output/stroke volume?

A

Males

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13
Q

Cardiac output?

A

Blood out per minute

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14
Q

Stroke volume?

A

Blood out per beat

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15
Q

What is the most different in adulthood?

A

Veins thicken

  • intimal
  • compromises blood pumping ability
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16
Q

Who has a great risk in mortality?

A

Women has an earlier onset

- changes in estrogen

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17
Q

Syncytium?

A

Heart can function effectively

- generate it’s own function

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18
Q

Intercalated disk?

A

A gap that allows ions to diffuse and action potentials to get carried through the junction

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19
Q

Cardiac Muscle Action Potential difference?

A

It has a plateau, for slow calcium channels

- heart auto-rhythm

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20
Q

What are the 5 phases of cardiac AP?

A

0) Fast Na channels open then slow Ca channels
1) K chnanels open
2) Ca channels open more
3) K channels open more
4) Resting membrane potential

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21
Q

Refractory period?

A

Period between two action potentials
“rest period”
- allows heart to fill with blood
- allows greatest potential to eject blood

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22
Q

Networking web is called…

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

What carries/transmits the AP along plasma membrane?

A

T-tubules

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24
Q

What channels open to allow depolarization to occur?

A

Calcium

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25
Ca binds to...
troponin to allow actin & myosin to bind | - contraction occurs
26
Relaxation...
Pump to pump Ca back in | ATP needed
27
Systole:
contraction/emptying of the heart
28
Diastole:
Relaxation/filling of the heart
29
Phases of Cardiac Cycle:
1) Artial systole, contraction forces blood into relaxed ventricles 2) Atrial systole ends, Atrial diastole begins 3) Ventricular systole, first phase, contraction pushes AV valves closed but enough pressure to keep semilunar valves closed 4) Ventricular systole, second phase, ventricular rises and exceeds, the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected 5) Ventricular diastole - early, ventricles relax, pressure drops, blood flows back, valves closed, bloods flows back to aorta 6) Ventricular diastole - late, all chambers relax, ventricles fill passively
30
The cardiac cycle happens in how many millisec?
800 ms
31
What is the average amount of blood?
5L/min
32
End diastolic:
amount of blood left in ventricles after diastole, relaxation
33
End systolic:
amount of blood left in ventricles after contraction
34
Ejection volume:
amount of blood that is ejected out the heart t the rest of the body
35
Ejection fraction:
about 60%
36
Cardiac output
HR * Stroke Volume | 5L/min
37
Where are AV valves attached to?
Chordae tendinae - Tricuspid (right) - Mitral (left)
38
Papillary muscle
attached to chordae tendinae | - contract during systole and helps prevent back-flow
39
Heart pumping is regulated by...
Autonomic effects - Sympathetic - Parasympathetic
40
Sympathetic stimulation causes...
increased HR - 180-200 bpm - CO: 15-20 L/min tachycardia can decrease CO, not enough time to fill during diastole
41
Parasympathetic stimulation causes...
decreases HR - 20-40 bpm - Vagus n.
42
What are the two types of cardiac muscle cells?
- Contractile, mechanical work, does not initiate own AP | - Auto-rhythmic, do not contract, initiates AP
43
SA node in R atria also called?
cardiac pacemaker - used if compromised - placed lead at RV
44
What is the pathway of a heartbeat?
SA node sets pace 1) Internodal pathway 2) AV node 3) Left/right bundle of His 4) Purkinje fibers
45
P wave
atrial contraction
46
QRS
ventricular contraction
47
T wave
ventricular repolarization
48
Aorta:
transports blood to tissues under high pressure
49
What drives gas exchange?
Pressure differences
50
Arteries
stronger, thicker, smooth m., able to push under high pressure
51
Veins
lead to capillaries for gas exchange, controls blood to capillaries to allow exchange to happen, sensitive to pressure
52
Arterioles
Control site for blood flow | Major resistance site of the circulation
53
Capillaries
Major site of water and solute exchange between blood and tissues
54
Inferior/Superior vena cava, veins/venules, venous sinuses
Returns blood to heart under low pressure Serves as a reservoir of blood Controls rate to go back up
55
Pulmonary circulation is:
site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
56
Higher pressure is found...
arterial tree
57
Lower pressure is found...
venous side
58
Where do large pressure drops?
arteriolar-capillary junction
59
Blood pressure
the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of vessel wall
60
Korotkoff sounds
systolic - tapping diastolic - muffled ...when disappeared these sounds will disappear
61
Blood flow
quantity of blood that passes a given point in the circulation in a given period of time
62
Turbulent flow
means something is wrong | increases stress in bv
63
Normal flow is...
laminar flow
64
Atherosclerosis
plaque on walls CO decreases BP increases
65
Arteriosclerosis
hardening of walls CO decreases BP increases
66
Venous valves/pump
Gets blood back to the heart | Open and closes by muscle contraction
67
Angiogenesis
growth of new blood vessels 1) ischemic tissue 2) rapidly growing tissue 3) tissue with high metabolic rates
68
Angiogenic factors (protein):
vascular endothelial cell growth factors (VEGF) | fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
69
Local Control of Blood Flow
Each tissue controls its own blood flow in proportion to its needs
70
What do tissue needs?
1) O2 2) Nutrients 3) CO2, H, metabolites removal 4) Transport hormones
71
Vasoconstrictors
Norepinephrine/epinephrin Angiotensin Vasopressin Endothelin
72
Vasodialiators
``` Bradykinin Serotonin Histamine Prostaglandins Nitric Oxide ```
73
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic | Parasympathetic
74
SNS
controls circulation - all vessels except pre-capillaries - increase vascular resistance
75
PNS
regulates heart function - vagal n. - HR
76
Artial Baroreceptor Reflex
short term regulation of arterial pressure | reflex initiated by these receptors, located on walls of large systemic arteries
77
A rise in baroreceptors causes...
signals to vasomotor center (VMC), brain/medulla
78
Feedback signals are sent via ANS to...
circulation to reduce BP
79
Where are baroreceptors located?
Carotid sinus | Aortic Arch
80
Signals are transmitted through which nerves?
Hering's Vagus Glossopharyngeal... (Don't need to know this)
81
Increase in extracellular fluid volumes (ECFV) causes...
increase in blood pressure | increase in sodium excretion
82
Sodium married to Chloride (salt)...
Salt loves water
83
ADH
anti-duretic hormone, vasosuppresent, released from posterior pituitary gland (near brain) retains water
84
Effect of ECFV on Arterial Pressure
Increased ECFV Increased blood volume Increased mean circulatory filling pressure Increased venous return of blood to the heart Increased CO Increased arterial pressure increased urine output
85
Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)
``` Decreased arterial pressure Renin (kidney), secretes hormone Converted to Angiotensinogen Converts to 1 Converts 1 to 2 by ACE 2 acts on kidney to retain salt & water OR vasoconstriction BP increases ```
86
Why is RAS important?
Maintains normal BP during changes in Na intake
87
Right heart failure
``` peripheral tissues edema ascites pulmonary HTN RV failure ```
88
Left heart failure
CHF pulmonary edema troubled breathing orthopnea Ischemic heart disease HTN Aortic/Mitral disease Myocardial disease
89
RAS Effect of Na
Increase salt intake Increase extracellular volume Increase arterial pressure Decrease renin/angiotensin Decrease renal retention of salt/water Return of extracellular volume almost to normal Return of arterial pressure almost to normal

PT 509 Physiology (9 decks)

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