Reproductive System Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
What is the main function of the male reproductive system?
A
produce sperm
ejaculate
2
Q
Testis: Function
A
Produce sperm
Secrete testosterone
*Temp is really important for viability
3
Q
Epididymis & Ductus Deferens Seminal Vesicle (fructose, prostaglandins motility) Prostrate Gland (alkaline, neutralize) Bulbourethral Gland (mucus, lubrication)
A
Produce semen to help transport the sperm
Allows sperm to be viable
4
Q
Ultimate male goal of reproductive?
A
fertilize egg
5
Q
Spermatogenesis
A
Leydig Cells - produce testosterone (LH, FSH present), surrounds seminiferous tubules
Sertoli Cells - assists with sperm maturation, within seminiferous tubules
6
Q
Sperm is produced every…
A
21 days after puberty hits
7
Q
Difference between Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis
A
Proliferation
F: prior to birth
M: after puberty
Primary Divisions:
F: 1
M: 4
Secondary Divisions:
F: upon fertilization
M: maturing process
8
Q
Females have an endpoint…
A
Menopause
9
Q
Prostate gland
A
Calcium, citrate ion, clotting enzyme
10
Q
Seminal vesicles
A
Fructose, citric acid, nutrients, prostaglandins (motility), fibrinogen
11
Q
Alkaline fluid
A
penetrates egg for fertilization
12
Q
Secondary male characteristics
A
facial hait, voice changes, muscle mass
13
Q
What is the 1st sign of puberty?
A
enlargement of testes
14
Q
Semen contains…
A
fluids & sperm from vas deferens (10%)
seminal vesicles (60%)
prostate (30%)
bulbourethral gland
milky, mucoid consistency, fibrin coagulum (dissolves)
15
Q
Semen pH?
A
7.5
16
Q
Ejaculation contains how much sperm?
A
2-6 ml, 20-200 million sperm
17
Q
What is considered infertile?
A
18
Q
What is sperm’s max lifespan?
A
24-48 hours
19
Q
Acrosomal vesicle are filled with…
A
enzymes to penetrate the egg wall
20
Q
DNA is contained in…
A
sperm nucleus
21
Q
Once sperm has penetrated…
Polysperma
A
we have granules that inactive receptors on the egg to not allow anymore sperm penetration
22
Q
+ testosterone
A
fetus will develop (2nd month)
penis, scrotum
23
Q
- testosterone
A
fetus will develop (2nd month)
clitoris, vagina
24
Q
What is the main driving factor for baby gender?
A
Testosterone
25
We are all born with...
Undifferentiated gonads
26
Wolffian ducts differentiate to...
male reproductive tract
27
Mullerian ducts differentiate to...
female reproductive tract
28
Function of testosterone
```
body hair distribution
voice
skin
muscle development
born growth
calcium retention
inhibit osteoclasts
increases RBC
increases BMR
stimulates sodium/water resorption
```
29
DHT Functions
potent version of testosterone/androgen
| controls growth
30
Gonadotropins stimulates...
Ant Pit to release...
LH (release testosterone)
FSH (acts on Sertoli, spermatogenesis)
31
Secretion of testosterone takes place by having...
LH
| FSH
32
PSA
secretion from prostrate... high means cancer
33
What can fuel cancer?
Testosterone
| ADT can be given to decrease
34
Aging & Males
decrease testis size
thickening of tubules
enlarge prostate glands
androgen deficiency... protein synthesis, bone grown, CV function
decrease memory changes, sexual interest, body mass, bone density
Andropause
Arteriosclerosis & ED
35
What is the main function of the female reproductive system?
Maturation of eggs to lactation
36
Ultimate male goal of reproductive?
Fertilization, produce mature egg every month
37
Corpus luteum
produce hormone to prepare for fertilization
38
Female hormones
Estraidiol - potent estrogen, prepares body for reproduction
Progesterone
FSH & LH
Low at the beginning...
39
Menstrual cycle is controlled by...
gonoadotropins, gonadal hormones...
2 cycles...
Ovarian
Endometrial
40
Ovarian cycle
1) Follicular phase: 15 days
2) Ovulatory phase: 1-3 days
3) Luteal phase: 13 days
41
Endometrial cycle
Menstruation, proliferative, and secretory
42
Ovarian cycle: Luteal Phase
LH dependent
Corpus luteum: E&P for inplantation blastocyte, maintain zygote... placenta
If no plantation... regress in 14 days
43
Every 28 days...
Average cycle
Gonadotropic hormones cause 8-12 new follicles to grow in ovaries
At day 14, 1 matures
44
After ovulation CL forms
E & P
45
After 2 weeks CL degenerates
E & P decreases
46
Most potent form of estrogen?
Estradiol
growth: ovaries, uterus, vagina, breasts
skin: increases vascularization
bones: inhibits osteoclastic activity, height increases
47
Progesterone
secretory changes in uterus, breast development
48
Phases of Endometrial Cycle
Proliferation: 11 (E, ovaries)
Secretory: 12 (P, CL)
Menstrual: 5 (Low E&P)
49
Aging & Female
Perimenopause: changes in menstrual, sleep disturbances, increase blood temp, anxiety, depression
Premature ovarian failure: cessation of menstruation
50
Menopause
No estradiol production
Reduction of estrogen
No negative feedback: LH/FSH (high levels)
51
hCG
hormone that confirms pregnancy (7-10 days)
should be doubled in first dew days after fertilization
stimulates gender (testosterone)
inhibit contraction (early contractions are bad)
morning sickness, hormone fluctuation
52
Placenta
nutrients for fetus
functions: gut, lung, kidney, production of progesterone
location of placenta is important (should be on top)
53
Vitamin that is important for fetus nervous system
Folic acid
54
Pregnancy: Estradiol
produced by CL, stir by hCG
placenta
increases uterine blood flow
estriol - excreted in urine (fetal well)
55
Pregnancy: Estrogens
Stimulate continuous growth of uterine myometrium
Stimulate growth (w/ progesterone) of ductal tissue of breast
Relaxin, relaxes and softens maternal pelvic ligaments and symphysis pubis (expansion)
56
Maternal Responses
Blood flow to placenta requires increased CO (40%)
BV increases (30%)
Kidney function (GFR 40%), (RBF 75%)
Insulin secretion (3rd mo)
Aldosterone, renin, angiotensinogen due to E
BP slightly
57
Phases of Parturition
0: Conception to beginning of labor; quiescent uterus
1: Time of uterine activation to delivery
2: Delivery of fetus to placenta
3: Postpartum, involution
58
"Positive Feedback"
baby's head stretches cervix
stretch excites fundic contraction
fundic contraction pushes baby down and stretches cervix
cycle repeats
59
Lactation
breast development begins at puberty due to estrogen
| increases during pregnancy due to E, P, Prolactin: milk secretion
60
Colostrum
1st milk, same proteins and lactose, no fat
61
Suckling reflexes: positive feedback
prolactin-releasting factor, ant pit (prolactin)
| nerve, post pit (oxytocin)
62
Fetal development
baby weight doubles from 7 months to full term
| last 6 weeks
63
Dx of fetal
Noninvasive: transvaginal US
Invasive: amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, fetal blood sampling
64
Breast Cancer
growth of tumor independent of estrogen & progesterone (ER-) (PR-)
HER+, human epidermal growth factor
65
Two main types: Breast Cx
Ductal
Lobular
(18 types)
66
Risk factors
```
Not related to personal choice:
females
older
genetics (BRCA1/BRCA2)
Family hx
Personal hx
Race - white
Dense breast tissue
Early age menarche
prev chest rad
```
```
Related:
no childbirth or 1st childbirth >30
hormone therapy (menopause)
lack of breastfeeding
excessive alcohol consumption
obesity
lack of physical activity
```
67
Cx cell changes
```
irregularity
large vary shapes
cell size
less specialize
disorganization
lose control of normal growth
stop growth gene mutated apoptosis impaired
```
68
Molecular basis of Cx
```
genetics gone bad...
genetic damage
clonal expansion
targets:
proto-oncogenes
tumor supressor genes
genes of cell death
genes of DNA repair
```
69
Causes of growth of Cx
1) Activation of growth promoting oncogenes, causes growth
2) Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, allow cx to grow
3) Alterations in genes that regulate apoptosis, can't kill cx
70
BRCA1/BRCA2
good genes, get mutated
Tumor supressor genes
Repairs DNA damage or rid of unprepared DNA
71
BRCA1
60% risk breast cancer
| 40% risk ovarian
72
BRCA2
50% risk breast cancer
| 20% risk ovarian
73
Breast Cancer: Pathogenesis
1) Neoplasia originates form single cell by acquired genetic change
2) Cancer relevant genes: transform normal cells to malignant cells - oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes
3) Cx cells up regulate anti-apoptic factors, recent cell death
**Angiogenesis - biologic correlate of malignancy
74
Breast Cx: Pathologic Features
Receptor status: ER, PR, HER2 (+/-)
HER2 (inconclusive)
75
Breast Cx: Common type
HR+/HER2-, Luminal A
73%, need to turn off estrogen
best prognosis
76
Breast Cx: Most difficult
HR-/HER2-, triple negative
nothing to target
worst prognosis
77
Breast Cx: Features, stages
1) TNM
2) Tumor
3) Node
4) Metastasis
78
Breast Cx: Manifestations
```
Lump
Pulled nipple
Dimpling
Skin changes
Redness/Rash
Dripping
```
79
Breast Cx: Dx
```
Mammography
Biopsy
Fine needle
Aspiration
MRI
Biomarkers
```
80
Breast Cx: Tx
Sx
Chemotherapy
Endocrine therapy
81
HER2+, herceptin
normal: signals cell to grow and divide
abnormal: rapidly and grow divide too quickly
ejection fraction needs to be looked at...side effects
82
Breast Cx: Endocrine Therapy
Antiestrogens
| Aromatase - blocks estrogen production form binding
