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PT 509 Physiology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Nervous System breaks down into 2 categories:

A

CNS

PNS

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2
Q

CNS involves…

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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3
Q

PNS involves…

A

Somatic

Autonomic (ANS)

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4
Q

ANS involves…

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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5
Q

Somatic involves…

A

Somatosensation (propriception, tactile/touch, temp, pain)
Special senses (smell, taste, vision, vestibular)
Motor system - voluntary

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6
Q

Basic components of most neurons

A 
cell body (soma)
dendrites
axon
axon terminals
myelin sheath
node of ranvier
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7
Q

Synapse:

A

electrochemical connection between 2 neurons

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8
Q

Subtypes:

A

pyramidal cells
interneurons
unipolar
bipolar

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9
Q

Input Zone aka:

A

Dendrites

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10
Q

Factory aka:

A

Cell body

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11
Q

Integrative Zone aka:

A

Axon hillock

AP generated here

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12
Q

Conducting Zone aka:

A

Axon

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13
Q

Insulation aka:

A

Myelin Sheath

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14
Q

Node of Ranvier aka:

A

AP regeneration

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15
Q

Transmitting Zone

A

Synaptic terminals

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16
Q

Functional Classification of neurons (3):

A

Sensory
Motor
Autonomic

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17
Q

Glutamate

A

most common in the brain

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18
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Activates skeletal m.

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19
Q

Left hemisphere

A

writing and movement of right side

language and tasks

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20
Q

Right hemisphere

A

touch and movement of left side

nonverbal, visual, spatial tasks

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21
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

exchange info between two sides

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22
Q

Lobes (5):

A 
Frontal (motor, speech, smell)
Parietal (touch/pressure, taste, body aware)
Temporal (hearing, facial recognition)
Occipital (vision)
Cerebellum (coordination)
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23
Q

Dorsal horn is towards the:

A

back, sensory

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24
Q

Ventral horn is towards the:

A

stomach, motor

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25
Grey matter is:
cell bodies, dendrites
26
White matter is:
axons
27
Resting membrane potential (mV?):
-60 to -70 mV
28
Depolarization
Na+ channels open
29
Repolarization
Na+ inactivate | K+ channels open slower than Na+
30
Refractory period
cell cannot evoke another AP
31
Saltatory Conduction
APs travel quickly down axons, myelinated due to this... | APs jump between node of Ranvier, increases velocity of AP along length of axon
32
Synaptic Transmission
``` AP reach axon terminal Ca channels open Ca2+ causes vesicles to release neurotransmitter NT crosses synapse NT binds to neuroreceptors Trigger signal in post-synaptic neuron ```
33
Somatosensory Axons (Tactile/ Proprioceptive) faster
A(alpha) fastest A(beta) slower tactile and proprioceptive signals myelinated and fast
34
Somatosensory Axons (Pain/Temp) slower
A(delta) C, not myelinated (very slow) pain and temperature slow
35
Two Somatosensory Pathways
``` Dorsal Column (Medial Lemniscus) Anterolateral (Spinothalamic) ```
36
Slowly adapting (tonic)
transmit impulses to the brain for long periods of time free nerve endings
37
Rapidly adapting (phasic)
respond only when change is taking place future position balance, movement rate and strength of response related to intensity of stim
38
Dorsal Column (Medial Lemniscus)
touch, vibration, position, fine pressure high degree of spatial acuity/detail large myelinated
39
Anterolateral (Spinothalamic)
pain, thermal sensations, crude, touch, pressure, tickle, itch, sexual sensations low degree of spatial acuity/detail small myelinated
40
Pain receptors can be stimulated by
mechanical (stretch) thermal chemical
41
3 Main Pain Pathways
Neospinothalamic Paleospinothalamic/Spinoreticular (emotion/cognitive/autonomic) Spino-Mesencephalic
42
Referred pain:
Pain that is felt in the part of the body than the actual source
43
Centralized pain:
stimulus is no longer there constantly activated... Not in PNS anymore, only in CNS
44
Radiating pain:
nerve/nerve root along spinal cord is under pressure | source is irritation of axons
45
Upper Motor Neurons
CNS in motor cortex/brainstem
46
Lower Motor Neurons
PNS alpha - extrafusal, inside muscle contraction beta gamma - intrafusal, spindles (length) ventral/anterior column/cranial nerve nuclei in brainstem passes ventral or cranial
47
Basal Ganglia
Control and initiation of complex motor activity
48
Cerebellum
muscle memory coordinating muscle activity ispilateral side
49
Dysmetria
lack of coordination that causes one to over or undershoot the position of ones hand, arm, leg, eye (type of ataxia)
50
Ataxia
lack of voluntary motor coordination
51
Brainstem
Motor & sensory function of head & face | respiratory, cardiovascular, GI, eye, equilibrium
52
Limbic System
Emotion, aggression, memory, reinforcing behaviors Pain processing hypothalamus & pituitary affects/regulates neuroendocrine system
53
Hypothalamus
``` Collection of small nuclei w/ distinct functions Major output pathway Arterial pressure Body temp Fluid volume Pituitary gland/Endocrine system ```
54
Behavioral functions of Hypothalamus
``` Controls ANS eating thirst level of activity rage satiety tranquility fear punishment reactions sexual drive ```
55
Role of Hypothalamus in Obesity
Leptin, released in adipose, acts on hypothal, decreases food consumption, increase energy (stop in this hormone in people w/ Obesity) Ghrelin, hungar hormone, released in GI, acts on hypothal, increases hunger, gastric acid secretion, GI mobility
56
Autonomic Nervous System
activated by: spinal cord, brain stem, hypothal SNS PNS
57
SNS, fight or flight
``` increase HR relax air ways inhibit activity of stomach inhibit activity of intestines secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine ```
58
PNS, rest and digest
``` slow HR constrict air ways stim activity of stomach inhibit release of glucose stim gallbladder stim activity of intestines secretes acetylcholine ```
59
2 Main types of stokes:
Hemorrhagic: bleeding within the brain Ischemic: blood supply to part of the brain is halted
60
Hemorrhagic
main cause: uncontrolled HTN, aneurysm, overdose anticoagulants less common
61
Ischemic
main cause: thrombosis (local), embolism (travels) 85% of strokes
62
Cessation of blood flow is catastrophic for the brain b/c:
Excitotoxicity Unable to produce ATP, depolarization of resting membrane potential Release of glutamate, this lets Na and Ca into the neurons, excitation of the brain Excessive Ca triggers cell death
63
Symptoms of Stroke
Brain - confusion, trouble speech, dizziness, loss of balance, bad headache Eyes - trouble seeing in one or both eyes Stomach - thrown up (urge) Body - tired Legs - trouble walking Face/Arm/Leg - numbness, weakness (unilaterally)
64
Cerebellar Stroke
Signs: vertigo, headache, vomiting, ataxia Much less common than strokes in cerebral hemispheres, 2-3% of all strokes Locked In Syndrome
65
Excitotoxicity
1) blood clot stops blood flow to a brain region 2) w/o oxygen and glucose, neurons begin to depolarize, loss of Na/K pump, neurons reach threshold and barrage of APs 3) many firing neurons release excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, lack of energy in presynaptic neuron causes glutamate transporters, normally removes transmitter from cleft, repute is no longer happening 4) postsynaptic neurons, bombarded with glutamate, many APs causes glutamate to spread, excessive Ca and Zinc enters cell 5) excessive intracellular Ca and Zinc causes cell death (apoptosis)
66
Pathophysiology Stroke
lack O2... brain unable to produce ATP... depolarization of resting membrane potential increased excitability of neurons releases glutamate... glutamate receptors open... Ca Na into neurons... further excitation... excessive Ca entry into cell causes apoptosis...
67
Adaptations of Receptors
Continuous stimulus is applied, receptors respond rapidly first, but response declines sometimes until all APs cease
68
Frontal lobe
speech motor smell
69
Parietal
touch/pressure taste body awareness
70
Temporal
hearing | facial recognition
71
Cerebellum
coordination
72
Occipital
vision

PT 509 Physiology (9 decks)

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