Lecture 1 Flashcards

(86 cards)

1
Q

Human Physiology

A

The function of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical processes involved

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

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3
Q

The 3 Control Systems of the Body

A

1) Negative feedback
2) Feed-forward
3) Positive feedback

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4
Q

Negative feedback

A

promotes counteraction of an effect
most common
endocrine system

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5
Q

Feed-forward

A

anticipate change

salivating

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6
Q

Positive feedback

A

promotes an amplification of an effect

oxytocin

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7
Q

Main controllers for hormones of the body?

A

Hypothalamus & Pituitary

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8
Q

T3, T4 is decreased causes…?

A

TSH increase

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9
Q

T3, T4 is increased causes…?

A

TSH decrease

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10
Q

When there’s enough hormone it is detected in the blood by the gland and let’s the hypothalamus knows…this is what feedback?

A

Negative

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11
Q

Examples of Homeostasis in PT:

A

Blood pressure resets from supine to sitting
OR
Inflammation, as soon as there is an injury, our immune system kicks in right away, increase WBC to site of injury

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12
Q

Cell membrane

A

gatekeeper to our cell, keeps things in and out

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13
Q

Cytoplasm

A

cellular organelles

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14
Q

Nucleolus

A

DNA and genetics

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15
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Smooth ER

Rough ER

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16
Q

Rough ER function:

A

contains ribosomes (synthesizes protein) for protein building & transport

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17
Q

Lysosomes

A

to clear our debris within cell
digestion
phagocytosis

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18
Q

Mitochondria

A

extracts energy from nutrients
ATP production
two membranes & matrix
oxidative phosphorylation enzymes

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19
Q

Microfilaments, Microtubules, Centrioles

A

filaments that help form cell structure for function

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20
Q

Cell membrane

A

composed of lipid bi-layer
inside is hydrophobic
outside is hydrophilic
let’s in /out certain molecules

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21
Q

Two types of protein

A

sits on the peripheral (carrier)

spands length of membrane (integral - transports/receptors)

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22
Q

ER adjacent to Nucleus b/c…

A

transportation pathway to build protein

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23
Q

Smooth ER function:

A

lipid synthesis

after protein gets synthesize they can be carried here

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24
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

receives transport vesicles from smooth ER
“processed”
concentrated, sorted, packaged for secretion

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25
Peroxisomes
oxidize substances (alcohol)
26
Nucleus
Control Center | double nuclear membrane (for protection) and matrix
27
What is the maximum ATP molecules per 1 molecule of glucose?
38
28
What produces the most ATP?
Fat, but it takes too long
29
Carbohydrates breaks down to...
glucose
30
Proteins breaks down to...
amino acids
31
Fats breaks down to...
fatty acids
32
Glucose, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids breaks down to...
AcetylCoA
33
AcetylCoA breaks down to...
ATP
34
ATP use:
1) membrane transport (active transport) 2) synthesis of chemical compounds (building) 3) mechanical work (muscle contraction)
35
3 types of Cytoskeleton:
1) Actin filament (in many tissues) 2) Microtubule 3) Intermediate filament (DNA structure) *Maintains structure of cell
36
Why is knowing ALS important as a PT?
Inhibits movement, difficult time to send out action potentials to signal a production of movement Neurofilaments are disrupted and impact the function of the cell.
37
Proteins
most of the work required for structure, function, regulation 20 AA
38
Protein functions:
``` Antibodies, IgG Enzymes, ATPase Messengers, growth hormone Structure, cytoskeleton Transport/storage, iron transport ```
39
How do genes direct the production of proteins?
2 main steps to building protein 1) Transcription 2) Translation
40
How is DNA coded?
different bases, organized by what type of RNA we form
41
What is the 1st step of building protein?
Transcription
42
What is the 2nd step of building protein?
Translation
43
Translation cannot happen before transcription. T/F?
TRUE
44
Translation occurs inside or outside the nucleus?
Outside
45
Transcription occurs inside or outside of the nucleus?
Inside
46
OUTPUT: Once protein is formed...
Cell structure Cell enzyme Cell function
47
Transcription: Negative Regulation
``` Turns on and off production "repressor operators" ...bind repressor proteins after binding... interferes RNA polymerase to bind to promoter NO TRANSCRIPTION ```
48
Transcription: Positive Regulation
"activator operators" ...bind activator proteins facilitates RNA polymerase to promoter ENHANCED TRANSCRIPTION
49
What determines the rate of cell growth?
growth factors contact inhibition cellular secretions (negative feedback)
50
Rapid types:
bone marrow, skin, intestinal epithelia
51
Slow types:
smooth m., neuron, striated m.
52
3 main types of genetic disorders:
1) single gene 2) chromosomal 3) multi-factorial
53
Single gene disorder:
cystic fibrosis, mutation of CTFR (can't move sodium)
54
Chromosomal abnormalities:
down syndrome (3 chromosomes 21)
55
Multifactorial disorders:
colon cancer (environmental, family hx, genetics, diet)
56
Cell membrane: lipid bilayer
gatekeeper | in forms of receptors or channels
57
Membrane proteins
specificity and function to a membrane
58
Amount of Potassium (K)
High inside the cell
59
Amount of Sodium (Na)
High outside the cell
60
Normal resting state of K & Na is...
high K inside | high Na outside
61
Carrier proteins are...
peripheral push/drive ions through the membrane transporting/carrying
62
Integral proteins are...
ion channels (volted or chemically gated)
63
Diffusion
no additional energy needed down conc. no mediator with or without channel protein (simple diffusion)
64
Active Transport
``` energy is needed against conc. involves carrier 1) Primary 2) Secondary ```
65
Facilitated Diffusion
Carrier-mediated diffusion no energy/ATP has a carrier protein (helping out) that is governing the movement
66
Factors that affect net rate
pressure | gradient difference
67
Osmosis
Net diffusion of water No ATP water moves down into conc gradient
68
What is Primary Active Transport?
``` molecules pumped against conc gradient w/ ATP usage DIRECT carrier protein on the plasma membrane maintains Na/K balance requires 1-2/3 cell energy Na K ATPase ``` *happens a lot in the cells of our bodies
69
What is Secondary Active Transport?
transport is driven by the energy stored in to conc gradient of another molecule (Na) INDIRECT co-transport mechanism one is not going to come in w/o the other
70
resting membrane potential
-70mV to -90mV
71
Action potential
rapid depolarization of membrane potential that propagates alone an excitable membrane charges change to + tells us to perform a task all or non principle
72
main functions of AP
1) info delivery to CNS 2) info encoding by frequency 3) rapid transmission over distance (nerve cells)
73
small myelinated fiber will move...
fast
74
non myelinated big will move...
slow
75
MS is...
immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS blocks nerve signal...effects movement
76
What is cancer?
- body cell's begin to divide w/o stopping and spread to surroundings - can start almost anywhere - less specialized than normal cells - genetic disease - hyperplasia occurs when cells within a tissue divide faster and extra cells build up however the cells/tissue appear organized
77
In situ
one site
78
Invasive
spreads to outside...
79
How does cancer change cell physiology?
- irregularly shaped dividing cells - large nuclei - small cytoplasm's volume to nuclei - variation in cell size/shape - loss of normal specialized features - disorganized - poorly defined tumor boundary
80
Targets of genetic damage
- proto-oncogenes - tumor suppressor genes - genes of cell death - genes of DNA repair
81
Carciogenesis
genetic damage, multi-step process from accumulation of multiple genetic mutations Clonal expansion - one cell can split to many cells, grow fast and spreads fast depending on type
82
Oncogenes
promotes autonomous cell growth in cancer cells proto-oncogenes/oncoproteins are only found when tumor is there BAD genes
83
Tumor suppressor genes
applies the brakes to cell proliferation | Transcription factor p53
84
Proanergenic
tumor has it's own blood supply...nutrients...
85
Pathogenesis
1) Neoplasia originates from single cell by acquires genetic change 2) Cancer-relevant genes: transform normal cells to malignant cells (oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes) 3) Cancer cells up regulate anti-apoptotic factors * *Angiogenesis - biologic correlate of malignancy
86
Cancer tends to involve...
multiple mutations, more genetic instability, metastatic disease