lecture 2

Question 1

Aristotle the brain

Answer 1

highest functioning occurred in the heart

brain was a condenser for overheated vapours - cooling system

Question 2

descartes

Answer 2

recognised that the brain is split into 2 hemispheres

didn’t believe they could form unified functions

Question 3

18th century doctors began

Answer 3

to see a relationship between head injury and certain functions
example- strokes caused loss of speech

Question 4

19th century

Answer 4

empirical science- investigating the senses experimentally - combine physiology with psychology

Question 5

emerging Zeitgeist

Answer 5

common theme of the time
scientific method
modernism- objectivity
materialism- physical properties

Question 6

psychometrics

Answer 6

science of measuring mental faculties such as intelligence , personality , mental illness and educational problems

Question 7

who was the founder of psychometrics

Answer 7

galton

Question 8

Darwin

Answer 8

natural selection
variation within a species
successful genes become more popular
genes passed onto offspring

Question 9

galton on intelligence

Answer 9

individual differences must be innate - intelligence run-in families- hereditary

Question 10

how did Galen study intelligence

Answer 10

looked at families of eminent / higher social class people 
closer the kinship , the greater the likelihood of eminence

Question 11

eugenics

Answer 11

improving the race by selective breeding

Question 12

key differences between science and pseudoscience

Answer 12

science vs pseudo science
systematic observation vs anecdotal evidence
peer review vs none
considers all evidence vs considers only positive evidence
repeatable results vs non repeatable

Question 13

anthropometric laboratory

Answer 13

systematically studied human traits - height , reaction times, sensory acuity
thought that people with higher intelligence have powerful and efficient nervous systems

power of brain = related to size

Question 14

Charles spearman

Answer 14

he proposed performance on test depends on two factors
single general ability
several specifics such as verbal , visual and numerical

Question 15

lewis terman

Answer 15

adapted binet tests into English
testing became standardised
iq testing

Question 16

gall

Answer 16

compared brains

certain faculties were based in specific parts of the brain

Question 17

gall anecdotal evidece

Answer 17

bumps and indentations on surface of the skull reflect the size of phrenological organs
pseducoscience- cognitively biased

Question 18

Johannes muller

Answer 18

proposed that sensations were properties of the NS
we can trick our nerves not experiencing things without external stimuli
example- pressing on eyeball= see flashes of light

Question 19

weber

Answer 19

interested in measuring the sensitivity of the senses

threshold of sensations

Question 20

absolute thresholds

Answer 20

smallest quantities that give any sensation at all

Question 21

relative threshold

Answer 21

smallest quantitative changes that is noticeable

Question 22

webers law

Answer 22

only notice a change when the magnitude of the change is bigger than a critical fraction

Question 23

Helmholtz

Answer 23

interested in the speed of the nervous impulse

Question 24

rate of neural conduction

Answer 24

used frog legs

stimulated the nerve in the leg at different distances and measured time taken for food to twitch

Question 25

Helmholtz also studied vision and audition

Answer 25

vison = sensations and perceptions

Question 26

what are sensations

Answer 26

raw elements of conscious experience

Question 27

what are perceptions

Answer 27

meaningful interpretations of sensations - psychological

Question 28

unconscious inference

Answer 28

image on the retina may not accurately reflect the external world brain perceptions contradict the raw sensations

Question 29

selective attention test

Answer 29

we neglect other things but concentrate on one thing | conscious experience is guided by attention

Question 30

structuralist psychology

Answer 30

study of conscious experiences by introspection

Question 31

gestalt psychology

Answer 31

a whole is more than its parts

Question 32

Wundt

Answer 32

founder of experimental psychology set up first laboratory in Leipzig psychology is the study of the mental life/ consciousness

Question 33

consciousness

Answer 33

inner experience - subjective | must begin with self observation

Question 34

method of Wundt

Answer 34

introspection combines self observation with experimentation yields quantitative data

Question 35

3 categories of consciousness

Answer 35

representation willing feelings creates an impression of unitary flow of events

Question 36

structuralism

Answer 36

complex mental experiences could be broken down into simple processes

Question 37

only the person having the experiences can observe it

Answer 37

subjective

Question 38

problems with wundts methods

Answer 38

``` unverifiable subjective retrospective bias too Cole imageless thoughts] ```

Question 39

William James

Answer 39

stream of consciousness | consciousness is not a thing but a process

Question 40

William James did not believe in

Answer 40

breaking down experiences - not stable/ constant

Question 41

functionalism

Answer 41

interested in the function | studies how consciousness changes according to the environment

Question 42

James lange there of emotion

Answer 42

emotions arise from conscious perceptions your physiological condition something happens to you that creates a physiological arousal- heart starts beating , then interpret that emotion based on whats going on at the time