lecture 2 and 3: CV system (blood heart) Flashcards
(204 cards)
1
Q
what are the components of the CV
A
blood
heart
blood vessels
2
Q
what does the CV transport
A
transports oxygen and nutrients and carbon dioxide and waste to and from cells
3
Q
explain the transport of oxygen and nutrients in the CV system
A
blood to interstitial fluid to body cells
4
Q
explain the transport of carbon dioxide and wastes in the CV system
A
body cells to interstitium to blood
5
Q
what are the 3 general functions of the CV system?
A
transport
regulation
protection
6
Q
what are the elements of transportation of the CV
A
oxygen
carbon dioxide
nutrients
heats
wastes
7
Q
what does the CV system regulate
A
PH
body temp
the water content of the cells
8
Q
what are the components of protection for the CV system
A
clotting
phagocytes
antibodies
9
Q
what is the temperature of the body/blood
A
38
10
Q
what is the pH of blood/body
A
7.35 - 7.45 (slightly alkaline)
11
Q
what is the average blood vol in males
A
5-6 liters
12
Q
what is the average blood vol in women
A
4-5 L
13
Q
blood takes what percentage of body weight
A
8%
14
Q
what are the 2 elements of blood?
A
whole blood =
plasma (55%) + formed elements (45%)
15
Q
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
A
.
16
Q
blood plasma makes up what percentage of whole blood
A
55%
17
Q
BLOOD plasma is made up by water percentage of water
A
91.5 %
18
Q
what are the two components of blood plasma
A
91.5% h20
8. 5% solutes
19
Q
what are most of the solutes in blood plasma
A
mostly plasma proteins
20
Q
where are plasma proteins synthesized
A
liver
21
Q
what are the plasma proteins and the percentages
A
- Albumins: 54%
- Globulins: 38 (immunoglobulins-antibodies)
- Fibrinogen: 7%
22
Q
what is the function of albumins
A
transport fatty acids
help keep h20 from diffusing out of the blood
23
Q
when are globulins produced and what are they stimulated by
A
Produced during certain immune responses, stimulated by
foreign invaders (bacteria, viruses)
24
Q
what is essential for blood clotting
A
fibrinogen
25
true or false; blood plasma is only made from albumins, globulins and fibrinogen
false
also includes Na, Cl, A-A, lipids, sugars, hormones,
| vitamins, etc
26
formed elements make up what percentage of WBC
45%
27
what are the formed elements fo the blood
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
28
what percentage of the formed elements are RBC
99%
29
what percentage of formed elements are WBC and platelets
1 percent
30
what is hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)
formation of blood cells
31
what is another name for hemopoiesis
hematopoiesis
32
where does hemopoiesis occur
in red bone marrow
33
true or false: yellow bone marrow never makes blood cells
false, it can produce blood cells in emergencies only
34
what is hematocrit
% of total blood volume occupied by RBC
35
what is the normal range of hematocrit in females
38-46%
36
what is the normal range of hematocrit in males
40-54%
37
what is anemia
significant decrease in hematocrit
38
what is polycythemia
significant increase in hematocrit (increased viscosity)
39
what does polycythemia do to the blood
increase the viscosity (thicker blood)
40
what are some possible causes of polycythemia (3)
tissue hypoxia
dehydration
blood doping
41
what is another name for RBC
erythrocytes
42
RBC contained an oxygen-carrying protein called
hemoglobin
43
what gives blood its red colour
hemoglobin
44
what is the amount of RBC/uL of blood in males
5.4 mil
45
what is the amount of RBC/uL of blood in females
4.8 mil
46
mature RBC enter the system at a rate of what
greater than 2 million./sec
47
what is the shape of RBC
biconcave disk
48
do RBC contain a membrane>
yes a strong and flexibile plama membrane
49
what do RBC contain which act as antigens
glycolipids
50
glycolipids act as what in RBC
antigens
51
true or false: RBC lack a nucleus and other organelles
true
52
what are the 3 functions of RBC
1) highly specialized for o2 transport
2) helps in bp regulation
3) generate ATP anaerobically
53
true or false: RBC only transport oxygen and explain
false, they also carry 20% of CO2
54
each RBC contains how many hemoglobin
280 mil
55
what is hemoglobin made from
globin (protein)
| heme
56
explain the components of hemoglobin
globin (protein): 4 chains of polypeptide
heme: 4 heme (o2 binds here to be transported to the cells)
= Oxydation of iron gives blood its red colour
57
where does o2 bind on RBC?
o2 binds to the 4 heme to be transported to the cells
58
what is the production of RBC called
erythropoiesis
59
where does the production of RBC begin
begins in bone marrow
60
once the RBC passes into the blood stream it matures within how many days
1-2 days
61
what is the life span of RBC
120 days
62
what happens in erythropoiesis if less than RBC destruction rate
hypoxia
63
what are the causes of hypoxia (3)
high altitude
anemia
circulatory problems
64
what are some causes of anemia
lack of iron
lack of certain amino acids
lack of b12
65
what are signs and symptoms of anemia
fatigue, intolerance to cold, pale skin
66
what does hypoxia stimulate
stimulates the kidneys to increase the release of erythropoietin
67
what is another name for WBC
leukocytes
68
what are crucial to the body's defense against disease
leukocytes
69
which contains a nucleus RBC or WBC
WBC
70
do WBC contain hemoglobin?
no
71
what are the 2 types of white blood cells
granular
| agranular
72
what are the 5 types of WBC
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
73
what is the percentage of WBC are neutrophils
60
74
what is the percentage of WBC are lymphocytes
20-45%
75
what is the percentage of WBC are monocytes
4-8%
76
what is the percentage of WBC are eosinophils
1-4%
77
what is the percentage of WBC are basophils
0.5%
78
what is another name for granular WBC
(phagocytes)
79
what are the 3 types of granular WBC
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
80
what is the function of neutrophils
consume/destroy bacteria
81
what is the function of eisonophils
role in ending allergic reactions/parasite infections
82
where are eosonophils
found along digestive tubes
83
what is the function of basophils
release histamine in later stages of inflammation
84
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils are granular WBC or agranular
granular
85
what are the 2 types of agranular WBC
lymphocytes and monocytes
86
what is the function of lymphocytes
role in immunity, react to specific foreign molecule
87
what is the function of monocytes
transform into macrophage, migrate from blood to tissues (chronic disease, viral infectionn)
88
what is the lifespan of WBC
can live for months/years but usually only a feww days
89
what is the lifespan of WBC during periods of infection n
live only a few hours
90
what is leukopenia
abnormal low levels of wbc
91
what is leukopenia caused by
radiation, shock, chemotherapy
92
what is leukocytosis
increase in number of WBC
93
what is the general function of WBC
to combat pathogens entering the body (by phagocytosis)
94
do WBC ever return to the bloodstream
no
it leaves the bloodstream and enters the area of
inflammation and does not return to the bloodstream
95
true or false: WBC numbers increase or decrease during inflammation/injury
increase
96
what is another name for platelets
thrombocytes
97
what is the number of platelets
150k to 400 k per uL of blood
98
true or false: platelets do not contain a nucleus
true
99
platelets form what after blood loss
platelet plug
100
true or false: platelets only form a platelet plug to stop blood lose
false, they also release chemicals which promote blood clotting
101
what is the lifespan of platelets?
5-9 days
102
how are platelets removed from the system
by fixed macrophage in the spleen and liver
103
true or false: platelets adhere to the lining of unhealthy vessels
true
104
what is the problem with platelets that adhere to unhealthy vessels
results in scarring, inflammation, atherosclerosis and unwanted clotting
105
at rest how much blood per minute to the lungs and body
5l blood/ min
106
how many litres of blood circulate per day
14k liters
107
the heart is the size of what
closed fist
108
where does the heart rest on
diaphragm
109
2/3 of the mass of the heart lies where
lies left of the midline
110
what are the general characteristics of the heart
apex
base
superior and inf R point
superior and inf L point
111
does the heart rest left or ride of the midline
to the left of the midline
112
what is the pericardium
double layered membrane that surrounds and protects the heart
113
what are the 2 layers of the pericardium
fibrous layer (outmost)
serous layer (innermost)
114
what layer of the pericardium is the inner most
serous layer
115
what layer of the pericardium is the outmost
fibrous layer
116
what is the function of the fibrous layer of the pericardium
prevents overstretching of the heart
117
what are the 2 layers of the serous layer of the pericardium
outer parietal
| inner visceral
118
what is another name for the inner visceral layer
epicardium
119
be able to locate the parts of the pericardium
.
120
what are the 3 layers of the heart wall
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
121
put these in order from the outer to the inner most layer of the heart
(epicardium, endocardium, myocardium)
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
122
what is the epicardium?
visceral layer of the pericardium
123
myocardium is what part of the heart
the cardiac muscle tissue
124
what forms the inner smooth lining of the chambers
endocardium
125
what covers the valves of the heart
endocardium
126
true or false: the endocardium is discontinuous with the endothelial lining of the large blood cells
false, continuous
127
is the ventricular wall thicker on left or right
left
128
be able to put the layers of the heart in order
.
129
what separates the two ventricles
interventricular septum
130
what are the two upper chambers of the heart called
atria
131
what are the two lower chambers called
ventricles
132
what is another name for atrium
auricle
133
where does the right atrium receive blood from
inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
coronary sinus
134
what are the elements found in the right atrium
Right auricle
โข Pectinate muscle
โข Interatrial septum (Fossa ovalis)
โข Tricuspid valve
135
be able to label the heart
.
136
what are the elements found in the right ventricle
Trabeculae carneae
Cordinae Tendinae
Papillary muscles
Interventricular septum
Pulmonary semilunar valve
137
be able to locate the elements of the right atrium and ventricle
.
138
where does the left atrium receive blood from
from pulmonary veins
139
what are the elements of the left atrium
Left Auricle
* Pectinate Muscle
* Bicuspid ๔mitral๔ valve
140
what are the elements of the left ventricle
Trabeculae Carneae
Cordinae Tendinae
Papillary muscles
Aortic semi-lunar valve
141
from what valve is oxygenated blood ejected into the systemic circulation
aortic semi luncar valve
142
the tricuspid valve is located where
b/w right atrium and ventricle
143
where is the pulmonary valve located
between the right ventricle and the pulmonary vein
144
where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve located
between left atrium and ventricle
145
where is the aortic semi lunar valve located
between left ventricle and aorta
146
what are the 2 atrioventricular valves
mitral/bicupsid and tricuspid
147
what are the 2 semilunar valves
pulmonary and aortic valves
148
when the AV valves are open where are the pointed ends projected
pointed ends project into ventricles
149
when the AV valves are open, blood moves where
into the ventricles
150
when the AV valves are open what happens to the papillary muscles
they are relaxed
151
when the AV valves are open what happens to the cordinae tendinae
they are slack
152
when the ventricles contract, the pressure does what to the AV valves
the pressure drives the cusps upward
153
when the ventricles contract what happens to the papillary muscles
the papillary muscles contract
154
when the ventricles contract what happens to the cordinae tendinae and what does that prevent
cordinae tendinae are tightened and prevent the cusps from opening into the atrium
155
be able to know the relationship between valves, papillary muscles, cordea tendinae
.
156
what do semilunar valves allow for
allow ejection of blood into vessels and prevent backflow into the ventricles
157
each semi lunar valve consists of how many cusps
3 cusps
158
where is the outer border of the semi lunar valves located
outer border is attached to the artery wall
159
when are the semi lunar valves open
when ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure
160
with each beat, blood is pumped into what circuits
1) pulmonary circulation
| 2) systemic circualtion
161
the entire body receives blood from the systemic circulation except for where
except for the lungs
162
since the lungs don't receive blood from the systemic circulation, where dose it receive blood from
pulmonary circulation
163
coronary circulation is done by what
left and right coronary arteries
164
where do the coronary arteries originate
originate at the base of ascending aorta
165
what does the left coronary artery supply
supples both ventricles
| supplies left atrium
166
what does the right coronary artery supply
supples both ventricles
167
most parts of the heart receive blood from the left or right coronary artery
from both arteries
168
what are the 5 coronary veins
coronary sinus
great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein
anterior cardiac vein
169
deoxygenated blood enters what atrium
right atrium
170
coronary sinus is located posterior or anterior on the heart
posterior
171
where is the great cardiac vein located
between the 2 ventricles anteriorly
172
where is the middle cardiac located
at the apex posteriorly
173
what coronary veins are located posterior
coronary sinus and middle cardiac
174
where does the anterior cardiac drain
either into small cardiac or right atrium
175
what are the 3 phases of the cardiac cycle
relaxation period
ventricular filling
ventricular systole
176
systole is the phase of blank
contraction
177
diastole is the phase of
relaxation
178
when ventricles relax, all 4 chambers are in diastole or systole
diastole
179
in the relaxation period, blood flows where
back towards the ventricles closing the SL valves
180
in the relaxation period does pressure increase or decrease in the ventricles
decrease
181
in relaxation period are the AV valves open of closed
open
182
in the relaxation period, are the ventricles emptying or filling
begin filling
183
75% of ventricular filling occurs without what
wihtout atrial systole
184
BLANK percentage of ventricular filling occurs without atrial system
75
185
BLANK percent of ventricular happening occurs with contraction of the pectinate muscle
25%
186
25% percent of ventricular happening occurs BLANK
with contraction of the pectinate muscle
187
during ventricular filling are the AV valves open or closed
open
188
during ventricular filling the AV valves are open while the semi lunar valves are closed or open
closed
189
ventricular contraction pushes blood where
against AV valves (forcing them shut)
190
during ventricular systole does the pressure increase or decrease in the ventricles
pressure increases sharply
191
during ventricular systole, what happens when pressure exceed that in the arteries
both semi lunar valves open and blood is ejected into the pulmonary and systemic circulation
192
how long does ventricular systole last
lasts until the ventricles relax and the cycle starts over
193
in 1 heart cycle, how many sounds are generate
4
194
what are the 4 sounds of the heart cycle
s1=lubb
s2=dupp
s3
s4
195
what is the s1=lubb sound caused by
the closing of the AV valves
196
s1 indicates the beginning of what
ventricular systole
197
what is the s2=dupp sound caused by
closing of SL valves
198
s2 indicates the beginning or ending of the ventricular systole
the end
199
s3 sound is caused by what
rapid ventricular filling
200
s4 sound is caused by what
atrial systole
201
true or false: at birth there is the closure of foramen ovale
true and it becomes fossa ovalis
202
what two things close in the heart at infancy
closing of foramen ovale
| closing of ductus arteriosus
203
after the closing of the foramen ovale at infancy what does it become
fossa ovalis
204
after the closing of the ductus arteriosus at infancy what does it become
becomes ligamentum arteriosum
