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254 - anatomy > lecture 2 and 3: CV system (blood heart) > Flashcards

lecture 2 and 3: CV system (blood heart) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of the CV

A

blood
heart
blood vessels

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2
Q

what does the CV transport

A

transports oxygen and nutrients and carbon dioxide and waste to and from cells

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3
Q

explain the transport of oxygen and nutrients in the CV system

A

blood to interstitial fluid to body cells

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4
Q

explain the transport of carbon dioxide and wastes in the CV system

A

body cells to interstitium to blood

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5
Q

what are the 3 general functions of the CV system?

A

transport
regulation
protection

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6
Q

what are the elements of transportation of the CV

A

oxygen
carbon dioxide
nutrients
heats
wastes

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7
Q

what does the CV system regulate

A

PH
body temp
the water content of the cells

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8
Q

what are the components of protection for the CV system

A

clotting
phagocytes
antibodies

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9
Q

what is the temperature of the body/blood

A

38

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10
Q

what is the pH of blood/body

A

7.35 - 7.45 (slightly alkaline)

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11
Q

what is the average blood vol in males

A

5-6 liters

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12
Q

what is the average blood vol in women

A

4-5 L

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13
Q

blood takes what percentage of body weight

A

8%

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14
Q

what are the 2 elements of blood?

A

whole blood =

plasma (55%) + formed elements (45%)

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15
Q

COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

A

.

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16
Q

blood plasma makes up what percentage of whole blood

A

55%

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17
Q

BLOOD plasma is made up by water percentage of water

A

91.5 %

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18
Q

what are the two components of blood plasma

A

91.5% h20

8. 5% solutes

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19
Q

what are most of the solutes in blood plasma

A

mostly plasma proteins

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20
Q

where are plasma proteins synthesized

A

liver

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21
Q

what are the plasma proteins and the percentages

A
  • Albumins: 54%
  • Globulins: 38 (immunoglobulins-antibodies)
  • Fibrinogen: 7%
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22
Q

what is the function of albumins

A

transport fatty acids

help keep h20 from diffusing out of the blood

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23
Q

when are globulins produced and what are they stimulated by

A

Produced during certain immune responses, stimulated by
foreign invaders (bacteria, viruses)

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24
Q

what is essential for blood clotting

A

fibrinogen

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25
Q

true or false; blood plasma is only made from albumins, globulins and fibrinogen

A

false
also includes Na, Cl, A-A, lipids, sugars, hormones,

vitamins, etc

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26
Q

formed elements make up what percentage of WBC

A

45%

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27
Q

what are the formed elements fo the blood

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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28
Q

what percentage of the formed elements are RBC

A

99%

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29
Q

what percentage of formed elements are WBC and platelets

A

1 percent

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30
Q

what is hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)

A

formation of blood cells

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31
Q

what is another name for hemopoiesis

A

hematopoiesis

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32
Q

where does hemopoiesis occur

A

in red bone marrow

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33
Q

true or false: yellow bone marrow never makes blood cells

A

false, it can produce blood cells in emergencies only

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34
Q

what is hematocrit

A

% of total blood volume occupied by RBC

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35
Q

what is the normal range of hematocrit in females

A

38-46%

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36
Q

what is the normal range of hematocrit in males

A

40-54%

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37
Q

what is anemia

A

significant decrease in hematocrit

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38
Q

what is polycythemia

A

significant increase in hematocrit (increased viscosity)

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39
Q

what does polycythemia do to the blood

A

increase the viscosity (thicker blood)

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40
Q

what are some possible causes of polycythemia (3)

A

tissue hypoxia
dehydration
blood doping

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41
Q

what is another name for RBC

A

erythrocytes

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42
Q

RBC contained an oxygen-carrying protein called

A

hemoglobin

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43
Q

what gives blood its red colour

A

hemoglobin

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44
Q

what is the amount of RBC/uL of blood in males

A

5.4 mil

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45
Q

what is the amount of RBC/uL of blood in females

A

4.8 mil

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46
Q

mature RBC enter the system at a rate of what

A

greater than 2 million./sec

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47
Q

what is the shape of RBC

A

biconcave disk

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48
Q

do RBC contain a membrane>

A

yes a strong and flexibile plama membrane

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49
Q

what do RBC contain which act as antigens

A

glycolipids

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50
Q

glycolipids act as what in RBC

A

antigens

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51
Q

true or false: RBC lack a nucleus and other organelles

A

true

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52
Q

what are the 3 functions of RBC

A

1) highly specialized for o2 transport
2) helps in bp regulation
3) generate ATP anaerobically

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53
Q

true or false: RBC only transport oxygen and explain

A

false, they also carry 20% of CO2

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54
Q

each RBC contains how many hemoglobin

A

280 mil

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55
Q

what is hemoglobin made from

A

globin (protein)

heme

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56
Q

explain the components of hemoglobin

A

globin (protein): 4 chains of polypeptide

heme: 4 heme (o2 binds here to be transported to the cells)
= Oxydation of iron gives blood its red colour

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57
Q

where does o2 bind on RBC?

A

o2 binds to the 4 heme to be transported to the cells

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58
Q

what is the production of RBC called

A

erythropoiesis

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59
Q

where does the production of RBC begin

A

begins in bone marrow

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60
Q

once the RBC passes into the blood stream it matures within how many days

A

1-2 days

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61
Q

what is the life span of RBC

A

120 days

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62
Q

what happens in erythropoiesis if less than RBC destruction rate

A

hypoxia

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63
Q

what are the causes of hypoxia (3)

A

high altitude
anemia
circulatory problems

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64
Q

what are some causes of anemia

A

lack of iron
lack of certain amino acids
lack of b12

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65
Q

what are signs and symptoms of anemia

A

fatigue, intolerance to cold, pale skin

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66
Q

what does hypoxia stimulate

A

stimulates the kidneys to increase the release of erythropoietin

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67
Q

what is another name for WBC

A

leukocytes

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68
Q

what are crucial to the body’s defense against disease

A

leukocytes

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69
Q

which contains a nucleus RBC or WBC

A

WBC

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70
Q

do WBC contain hemoglobin?

A

no

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71
Q

what are the 2 types of white blood cells

A

granular

agranular

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72
Q

what are the 5 types of WBC

A

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

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73
Q

what is the percentage of WBC are neutrophils

A

60

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74
Q

what is the percentage of WBC are lymphocytes

A

20-45%

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75
Q

what is the percentage of WBC are monocytes

A

4-8%

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76
Q

what is the percentage of WBC are eosinophils

A

1-4%

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77
Q

what is the percentage of WBC are basophils

A

0.5%

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78
Q

what is another name for granular WBC

A

(phagocytes)

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79
Q

what are the 3 types of granular WBC

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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80
Q

what is the function of neutrophils

A

consume/destroy bacteria

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81
Q

what is the function of eisonophils

A

role in ending allergic reactions/parasite infections

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82
Q

where are eosonophils

A

found along digestive tubes

83
Q

what is the function of basophils

A

release histamine in later stages of inflammation

84
Q

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils are granular WBC or agranular

A

granular

85
Q

what are the 2 types of agranular WBC

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

86
Q

what is the function of lymphocytes

A

role in immunity, react to specific foreign molecule

87
Q

what is the function of monocytes

A

transform into macrophage, migrate from blood to tissues (chronic disease, viral infectionn)

88
Q

what is the lifespan of WBC

A

can live for months/years but usually only a feww days

89
Q

what is the lifespan of WBC during periods of infection n

A

live only a few hours

90
Q

what is leukopenia

A

abnormal low levels of wbc

91
Q

what is leukopenia caused by

A

radiation, shock, chemotherapy

92
Q

what is leukocytosis

A

increase in number of WBC

93
Q

what is the general function of WBC

A

to combat pathogens entering the body (by phagocytosis)

94
Q

do WBC ever return to the bloodstream

A

no

it leaves the bloodstream and enters the area of
inflammation and does not return to the bloodstream

95
Q

true or false: WBC numbers increase or decrease during inflammation/injury

A

increase

96
Q

what is another name for platelets

A

thrombocytes

97
Q

what is the number of platelets

A

150k to 400 k per uL of blood

98
Q

true or false: platelets do not contain a nucleus

A

true

99
Q

platelets form what after blood loss

A

platelet plug

100
Q

true or false: platelets only form a platelet plug to stop blood lose

A

false, they also release chemicals which promote blood clotting

101
Q

what is the lifespan of platelets?

A

5-9 days

102
Q

how are platelets removed from the system

A

by fixed macrophage in the spleen and liver

103
Q

true or false: platelets adhere to the lining of unhealthy vessels

A

true

104
Q

what is the problem with platelets that adhere to unhealthy vessels

A

results in scarring, inflammation, atherosclerosis and unwanted clotting

105
Q

at rest how much blood per minute to the lungs and body

A

5l blood/ min

106
Q

how many litres of blood circulate per day

A

14k liters

107
Q

the heart is the size of what

A

closed fist

108
Q

where does the heart rest on

A

diaphragm

109
Q

2/3 of the mass of the heart lies where

A

lies left of the midline

110
Q

what are the general characteristics of the heart

A

apex
base
superior and inf R point
superior and inf L point

111
Q

does the heart rest left or ride of the midline

A

to the left of the midline

112
Q

what is the pericardium

A

double layered membrane that surrounds and protects the heart

113
Q

what are the 2 layers of the pericardium

A

fibrous layer (outmost)
serous layer (innermost)

114
Q

what layer of the pericardium is the inner most

A

serous layer

115
Q

what layer of the pericardium is the outmost

A

fibrous layer

116
Q

what is the function of the fibrous layer of the pericardium

A

prevents overstretching of the heart

117
Q

what are the 2 layers of the serous layer of the pericardium

A

outer parietal

inner visceral

118
Q

what is another name for the inner visceral layer

A

epicardium

119
Q

be able to locate the parts of the pericardium

A

.

120
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart wall

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

121
Q

put these in order from the outer to the inner most layer of the heart
(epicardium, endocardium, myocardium)

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

122
Q

what is the epicardium?

A

visceral layer of the pericardium

123
Q

myocardium is what part of the heart

A

the cardiac muscle tissue

124
Q

what forms the inner smooth lining of the chambers

A

endocardium

125
Q

what covers the valves of the heart

A

endocardium

126
Q

true or false: the endocardium is discontinuous with the endothelial lining of the large blood cells

A

false, continuous

127
Q

is the ventricular wall thicker on left or right

A

left

128
Q

be able to put the layers of the heart in order

A

.

129
Q

what separates the two ventricles

A

interventricular septum

130
Q

what are the two upper chambers of the heart called

A

atria

131
Q

what are the two lower chambers called

A

ventricles

132
Q

what is another name for atrium

A

auricle

133
Q

where does the right atrium receive blood from

A

inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
coronary sinus

134
Q

what are the elements found in the right atrium

A

Right auricle
• Pectinate muscle
• Interatrial septum (Fossa ovalis)
• Tricuspid valve

135
Q

be able to label the heart

A

.

136
Q

what are the elements found in the right ventricle

A

Trabeculae carneae
Cordinae Tendinae
Papillary muscles
Interventricular septum
Pulmonary semilunar valve

137
Q

be able to locate the elements of the right atrium and ventricle

A

.

138
Q

where does the left atrium receive blood from

A

from pulmonary veins

139
Q

what are the elements of the left atrium

A

Left Auricle
* Pectinate Muscle
* Bicuspid 􀀂mitral􀀃 valve

140
Q

what are the elements of the left ventricle

A

Trabeculae Carneae
Cordinae Tendinae
Papillary muscles
Aortic semi-lunar valve

141
Q

from what valve is oxygenated blood ejected into the systemic circulation

A

aortic semi luncar valve

142
Q

the tricuspid valve is located where

A

b/w right atrium and ventricle

143
Q

where is the pulmonary valve located

A

between the right ventricle and the pulmonary vein

144
Q

where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve located

A

between left atrium and ventricle

145
Q

where is the aortic semi lunar valve located

A

between left ventricle and aorta

146
Q

what are the 2 atrioventricular valves

A

mitral/bicupsid and tricuspid

147
Q

what are the 2 semilunar valves

A

pulmonary and aortic valves

148
Q

when the AV valves are open where are the pointed ends projected

A

pointed ends project into ventricles

149
Q

when the AV valves are open, blood moves where

A

into the ventricles

150
Q

when the AV valves are open what happens to the papillary muscles

A

they are relaxed

151
Q

when the AV valves are open what happens to the cordinae tendinae

A

they are slack

152
Q

when the ventricles contract, the pressure does what to the AV valves

A

the pressure drives the cusps upward

153
Q

when the ventricles contract what happens to the papillary muscles

A

the papillary muscles contract

154
Q

when the ventricles contract what happens to the cordinae tendinae and what does that prevent

A

cordinae tendinae are tightened and prevent the cusps from opening into the atrium

155
Q

be able to know the relationship between valves, papillary muscles, cordea tendinae

A

.

156
Q

what do semilunar valves allow for

A

allow ejection of blood into vessels and prevent backflow into the ventricles

157
Q

each semi lunar valve consists of how many cusps

A

3 cusps

158
Q

where is the outer border of the semi lunar valves located

A

outer border is attached to the artery wall

159
Q

when are the semi lunar valves open

A

when ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure

160
Q

with each beat, blood is pumped into what circuits

A

1) pulmonary circulation

2) systemic circualtion

161
Q

the entire body receives blood from the systemic circulation except for where

A

except for the lungs

162
Q

since the lungs don’t receive blood from the systemic circulation, where dose it receive blood from

A

pulmonary circulation

163
Q

coronary circulation is done by what

A

left and right coronary arteries

164
Q

where do the coronary arteries originate

A

originate at the base of ascending aorta

165
Q

what does the left coronary artery supply

A

supples both ventricles

supplies left atrium

166
Q

what does the right coronary artery supply

A

supples both ventricles

167
Q

most parts of the heart receive blood from the left or right coronary artery

A

from both arteries

168
Q

what are the 5 coronary veins

A

coronary sinus
great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein
anterior cardiac vein

169
Q

deoxygenated blood enters what atrium

A

right atrium

170
Q

coronary sinus is located posterior or anterior on the heart

A

posterior

171
Q

where is the great cardiac vein located

A

between the 2 ventricles anteriorly

172
Q

where is the middle cardiac located

A

at the apex posteriorly

173
Q

what coronary veins are located posterior

A

coronary sinus and middle cardiac

174
Q

where does the anterior cardiac drain

A

either into small cardiac or right atrium

175
Q

what are the 3 phases of the cardiac cycle

A

relaxation period
ventricular filling
ventricular systole

176
Q

systole is the phase of blank

A

contraction

177
Q

diastole is the phase of

A

relaxation

178
Q

when ventricles relax, all 4 chambers are in diastole or systole

A

diastole

179
Q

in the relaxation period, blood flows where

A

back towards the ventricles closing the SL valves

180
Q

in the relaxation period does pressure increase or decrease in the ventricles

A

decrease

181
Q

in relaxation period are the AV valves open of closed

A

open

182
Q

in the relaxation period, are the ventricles emptying or filling

A

begin filling

183
Q

75% of ventricular filling occurs without what

A

wihtout atrial systole

184
Q

BLANK percentage of ventricular filling occurs without atrial system

A

75

185
Q

BLANK percent of ventricular happening occurs with contraction of the pectinate muscle

A

25%

186
Q

25% percent of ventricular happening occurs BLANK

A

with contraction of the pectinate muscle

187
Q

during ventricular filling are the AV valves open or closed

A

open

188
Q

during ventricular filling the AV valves are open while the semi lunar valves are closed or open

A

closed

189
Q

ventricular contraction pushes blood where

A

against AV valves (forcing them shut)

190
Q

during ventricular systole does the pressure increase or decrease in the ventricles

A

pressure increases sharply

191
Q

during ventricular systole, what happens when pressure exceed that in the arteries

A

both semi lunar valves open and blood is ejected into the pulmonary and systemic circulation

192
Q

how long does ventricular systole last

A

lasts until the ventricles relax and the cycle starts over

193
Q

in 1 heart cycle, how many sounds are generate

A

4

194
Q

what are the 4 sounds of the heart cycle

A

s1=lubb
s2=dupp
s3
s4

195
Q

what is the s1=lubb sound caused by

A

the closing of the AV valves

196
Q

s1 indicates the beginning of what

A

ventricular systole

197
Q

what is the s2=dupp sound caused by

A

closing of SL valves

198
Q

s2 indicates the beginning or ending of the ventricular systole

A

the end

199
Q

s3 sound is caused by what

A

rapid ventricular filling

200
Q

s4 sound is caused by what

A

atrial systole

201
Q

true or false: at birth there is the closure of foramen ovale

A

true and it becomes fossa ovalis

202
Q

what two things close in the heart at infancy

A

closing of foramen ovale

closing of ductus arteriosus

203
Q

after the closing of the foramen ovale at infancy what does it become

A

fossa ovalis

204
Q

after the closing of the ductus arteriosus at infancy what does it become

A

becomes ligamentum arteriosum

254 - anatomy (17 decks)

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