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254 - anatomy > lecture 13: the vert and ribs, paravertebral muscles > Flashcards

lecture 13: the vert and ribs, paravertebral muscles Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main function of the intervertrebral disks

A

shock absorptionn

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2
Q

what extends from the base of the skull to the pelvis

A

the vertebral colium

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3
Q

the verebtal columbs supports…

A

trunk and weight of the body

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4
Q

what are vertebra held in place by `

A

1) intervertbral disks
2) intervertebral ligaments
3) deep muscles of the back

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5
Q

how nany vertbera are there

A

33

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6
Q

what are the 5 regions of the vert. column and the numbers

A 
cervical (7)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacrium *5 fused
cocgym (4 fused sometimes 3-5)
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7
Q

what are the 3 fucntions of the vertebral columb

A

enclose/protect spinal cord
support head
attachment for ribs, pelvis muscles of the back

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8
Q

what are some examples of muscles that attach to thevertebra

A

psoas, rhomboids, levator scap

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9
Q

what are the features of a typical vertebrae

A 
body 
vertebral arch (pedicles and lamina)
spinous process
tranverse process
articulating process and facets (unite verbta below and above by zygapospheal joints)
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10
Q

what is the most anterior portion of the vertebtral

A

nbody

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11
Q

what is the weight nbearing portion of the verteba

A

body

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12
Q

what is the most posterior aspect of vertable s

A

spinous

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13
Q

what do the pedicles link

A

body to tranvers

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14
Q

what to the lamina link

A

link the tranverse to spinous

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15
Q

what joints link verbeas

A

zygapophyseal (DSA) joints

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16
Q

what are the 3 general features of verebtal

A

vertebral foramen/canal
interbertbeal foramen
intervertbral disks

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17
Q

cervical vertebra provide support for the.././

A

head

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18
Q

which is the smallest and lightest vereba

A

cervical

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19
Q

true ro false: cervical are the only vert with transverse formaen and why

A

true because it holds the vertbreal artery

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20
Q

which cervical are the most mobile of the C spine

A

c4-c5 and c5-c6

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21
Q

which is the most prominent spinous process

A

c7

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22
Q

which vertebral are usually bifid

A

c2 to c6

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23
Q

what is another name for c1

A

atlas

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24
Q

where does atlas articualte

A

with the occpital condules

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25
Q

which vertebral does not have a body

A

atlas

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26
Q

true or flase: c1 has a very small superior articulating process with smooth carticlarge covered sufaces

A

false very large

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27
Q

what movement does c1 allow

A

flexion and exteion (yes)

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28
Q

true or false: the c1 does not have a spinous process but rather a psoterior tubercle

A

true

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29
Q

wht is the indentyfinh feature of the c2

A

dens

odontoid

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30
Q

what is another name for c2

A

axis

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31
Q

what motion does c2 allows

A

rotating sie to side (no )

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32
Q

atlas pivots around blank

A

around odontoid process

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33
Q

what is the issue with a whiplash injury

A

if tranverse lig is injury, dens can proteude psoterior and injury spinal cord

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34
Q

what is the main function of throacic vert

A

allow for rotation

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35
Q

are cervical or thoracic larger

A

thoracic

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36
Q

which vertberea has a long pointed spinous process projecting down

A

thoracic

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37
Q

what limits motion in thoracic

A

long spinous process pointed fown

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38
Q

what is the only vertebra that articulars with the ribs

A

thoracic

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39
Q

what are the joints that connect ribs and throcaic

A

costtovertebrak

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40
Q

what makes the thoracic vertbrea unique

A

they have smoothe facets on their bodies and t process to artcicualte with ribs

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41
Q

which thoracic dont have facets on t process

A

t11-t12

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42
Q

true or false : the superior and inferior articualr facetts are mostly in what place im thoracoc

A

frontalal (coronal)

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43
Q

what are the ribs that only articular with 1 vertbram

A

rib 1, rib 10,11,12

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44
Q

name the facets of t1

A

superior facet

inferior demi facet

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45
Q

name the facets of t2-t8

A

super/inf demi facets

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46
Q

name the facets of t9

A

superior demi facet

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47
Q

name the facets of t10-t12

A

superior facett

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48
Q

why are there no transverse facets on t11 and t12

A

because of the floating ribs

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49
Q

true or false: lumbar is larger and thicker than just cervical

A

false also thracic

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50
Q

which lumbar allow for significant flexion anf extension

A

l4-l5 and l5-s1

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51
Q

what is the main movement of lumbar vertbra

A

flexion and extension of spine

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52
Q

where is disc /facet degendation common in lumbar and why

A

in l4-l5 and l5-s1 because they allow for significant flexion and extension movemens

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53
Q

which bone is large and triangular

A

sacrum

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54
Q

what forms the psoterior part of the pelvis

A

sacrum

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55
Q

when are the 5 sacrum bones completely fused

A

byage 30

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56
Q

the spinous processes of the sacrum are still present and called what

A

median sacral crest

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57
Q

true or false: the disks are largery replaced by bone in the sacrum

A

true

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58
Q

tthe superior articualted processes of the sarcum artticulate with wahat

A

L5th verebttra

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59
Q

true or false: S1 is never free

A

false rarrly is ti

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60
Q

is it ever possible for l5 to be compoelte fused ot sacrum

A

yes

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61
Q

what is the sacral canal

A

continuation of the vertebral canal

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62
Q

what is the sacral hiatus

A

end of canal

63
Q

what are the 4 pairs of openings along the side of the median crest called

A

dorsal and ventrtal sacral foramina

64
Q

when do coxyn become fused

A

20-30 years only

65
Q

how is the coccyx attached to the sacrum

A

through ligaments

66
Q

what are the primary curves

A

kyphotic curves (and thoracicsacrum and cocyx)

67
Q

what are the secondary curves

A

lordoctic curves (cervical and lumbar)

68
Q

what are spinal curves affected by

A 
posture
activuty (like insactivty of dominant sides)
obesity
pregnancy 
trauma
disease
69
Q

what is lordosis

A

exagerated curvine in the L spine (can also be cervical)

70
Q

what is kyphosis

A

exagerative curving in tspine

71
Q

what is scoliosis

A

lateral deviation of the spinne from the midline

72
Q

what are the 2 ways you get scoliosis

A

1) strcutural (born with it)

2) funtional (compensation)

73
Q

wht muscles push the pelvic wheel up

A

erector spinea and abdominals

74
Q

what muscles push the pelvic wheen down

A

glutes hams and hip flexors

75
Q

what is the outer fibrous ring of the discs called

A

annulus fibrosus

76
Q

what is the inner elastic structure of the disks

A

nucleous polposus

77
Q

true or false and why

no discs found between occiput and c1 as well as c1 and c2

A

c1 and. c2=dens

78
Q

where is the last intervertebrak disk located

A

between s5 and co1

79
Q

what largery affects intervertbral disks

A

aging effects

80
Q

the thoraccic vertbatea, sternum and ribs make up the…

A

thoracic cage

81
Q

what does the thoracic cage form

A

partial enclosure around organs of chest

82
Q

what is the fucntion of the thoracic cage

A

supports shoulder girdle and upper limb

protects internal organs

83
Q

what is the inferior portion of the thoracic cage sealed by

A

thoracic diaphram

84
Q

what is the sternum

A

flat narror bone located along the vertical midline of chest

85
Q

what are the 3 major parts of the sternum

A

1) manubrium (super)
2) body (middle)
3) xyphoid process (inf)

86
Q

the first rib is attached to the…

A

manubrium

87
Q

the ribs 2-10 attach to what

A

the body of the sternum

88
Q

true or false; tthe xyphoid process always stays cartilage

A

false, it ossifies completed by age 40

89
Q

where does the sternum articualte with

A

with clavicles superioly and ribs by the way of caritlages along the lateral borders

90
Q

how many pairs of ribs do we have

A

12

91
Q

each pair of ribs attaches with which verttbera and where

A

thoracic vertebra (on body and tranverse process)

92
Q

the ribs attach to the sternum via what

A

the costal cartilages

93
Q

what are the true ribs and why are they called that

A

1-7= true ribs

because there form a firect line with the sternum

94
Q

what are the false ribs and why

A

8-12 because they are not directly linked to the sternum

95
Q

what are the last two pairs (sometimes three) of ribs called

A

floating ribs

96
Q

what are the 4 features of a typica lrib

A

shaft, head, tubercle, costal groove

97
Q

what is the space b/w each rib called

A

intercostal space

98
Q

the rib movemnt makes up for what percentage of respirotry effort

A

25

99
Q

what is the costal angle

A

the angle where the ribs move from posterior to anteriorly

100
Q

paravertebral msucles are blank to the spine

A

parallel

101
Q

what are the 3 groups that paravertbral muscles are divided in

A

superfical
itnermediate
deep

102
Q

the superficial and intermediate group are composed of what type of muscles

A

extrinsic

103
Q

the deep group of paravertbea muscles are considrec what type of muscles

A

intrinsic

104
Q

what does it mean to be extrinsic

A

having its origin away from the part that it moves.

105
Q

what do the superficial paravertberal muscles control

A

limb movement and connect upper limb to trunk

106
Q

where does the nerve supply for the superficial paravertebral come from

A

ventral rami of cervical nerves

107
Q

what are some examples of superficial paravertrbal muscles

A

lat dorsi
trapezius
lev. scap
rhomboids

108
Q

what do the intermediate paravertebtral msucles control

A

respitory movements

109
Q

what are the 2 intermediate para. muscles

A

serratus posterior sup. (deep to rhom)

serratous psoter. inf (deep to lats)

110
Q

serratus psoterior sup is innervated by ///

A

fisrt 4 intercostal nerves

111
Q

serratus psoterior inferior is innervated by what

A

the last 4 itnecostal nerves

112
Q

what are the 3 layers of the deep msucles of the back

A

superior, middle and deep

113
Q

what are the deep (intrinsic muscles) innervated by

A

dorsal rami of spinal nerves

114
Q

what is the fucntion of the deep (intrinsic muscles)

A

manintain posture, control movements of the vertebral columb

115
Q

the deep (intrinsic) muscles extend from …

A

pelvis to skull

116
Q

what are the deep intrinsinc msucles enclosed by

A

fascia

117
Q

where does the fascia attach medially to

A

medially to lig. nuchae, spinous process, supraspinous lig and median sacral crest

118
Q

where does the fascia attach laterally to

A

to cervical and lumbar trtanverse process and rib angles

119
Q

the thoracic and lumbar part of of the facia make up what

A

the thoracolumbar fascia

120
Q

whta is the only superfical (intridinc muscle)

A

splenius

121
Q

where is the splenius muscle located

A

on the posterolateral apect of neck

122
Q

what is the function of splenius muscle

A

covers c=vertical neck muscles, hold deep muscles in position

123
Q

what are the 2 categories of splenius muscles

A

cervicis

capitis

124
Q

where does the splenius cervisis finish on

A

cervical vertebra

125
Q

where does the splenius capitis finish on

A

the skull

126
Q

be able to lcoate the splenous muslce

A
127
Q

true or false: the splenious msucle is deep to the lats

A

false, deep to traps

128
Q

what is the msucle group of the intermediate deep muscles

A

erector spinae

129
Q

the muscles of the erector spinae make of the BLANK muscles of the vertebral columb

A

extensor

130
Q

what muscle dievides into the 3 distinc muscles with one common origin

A

erector spinae

131
Q

true or false: the lliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis all have 1 common orrigin

A

true

132
Q

what are the 3 distinc muscles of the erector spinae

A

illiocostalis (lateral)
longissimus (Intermediate)
spinalis (medial)

133
Q

organruze these from medial to lat.

spinalis, iliocostalis, longissium

A

spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

134
Q

what are the 3 subsets of iliocostalis

A

iliocostalis lumborum, thoracis, cervicsis

135
Q

true or false: all the muscles of the eretcor spinae have a section on lumbar, thoracis and cervical

A

false, only iliocostalis goes to lumborum

136
Q

what are the 3 subsets of longissimus

A

longissimus thoracis, cervicis, capitus

137
Q

what are the 3 subsets of spinalis

A

thoracis, cervicis, capitus

138
Q

to acces the deep intrinsic muscles, what muscle needs to be cut

A

erector spinae

139
Q

what are the 6 deep intrinsic muscles

A 
semispinalis 
multifidus
rotadores
interspinalis
intertranvesus
levator costarum
140
Q

wht are the 3 subsets of semispinalis

A

capitus, thoracic, cervisis

141
Q

what are the 3 muscles collectively known as the tranversospinal muscle group

A

multifidus
semispinalis
rotatores

142
Q

whta is the muscle immediately deep to erector spineae

A

multifidus

143
Q

where do the rotadores ifinsih

A

at cervical

144
Q

what muscles come always as a pair

A

interspinanlis

145
Q

where can you find the interspinalis muscle

A

in between spinous processus

146
Q

where can you find the intertranversus muscles

A

in between the tranverse muscle

147
Q

where can you find the levaotr corstarum

A

tranverse process to ribs

148
Q

true or false: the rotatdore is split into longus and brevis

A

true

149
Q

true or false: the rotadore longus jumps 4 levels

A

false 2

150
Q

what is the muscle called that originates on cervical vertibrae and inserts on 1+2 ribs

A

scalene

151
Q

id the middle scalene psoterior to anterior scalene

A

false, it is deep

152
Q

what muscle do the brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass through

A

anterior and middle scalene

153
Q

At the level of L1, the spinal cord ends and what begins

A

the cauda equina begins.

254 - anatomy (17 decks)

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