Lecture 2- Exam 1

Question 1

Means poison in latin:

Answer 1

Virus

Question 2

Small obligate parasites with DNA or RNA genomes:

Answer 2

Virus

Question 3

Viral genomes direct their own replication and the synthesis of other viral components using _____ machinery

Answer 3

host cell

Question 4

T/F: Viruses have metabolic machinery of their own

Answer 4

False- no metabolic machinery of their own

Question 5

T/F: Viruses are alive

Answer 5

False- not alive

Question 6

What are more difficult to treat?

• viruses
  -bacteria

Answer 6

-viruses

Question 7

T/F: influenza as a virus can not cause any type of stomach flu or stomach bug

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What type of infection does the influenza virus cause?

Answer 8

Respiratory

Question 9

Antiviral drugs have limited:

Answer 9

selective toxicity

Question 10

Describe two ways that cause antiviral drugs to have selective toxicity:

Answer 10

1. viruses use mostly host cell machinery so very few unique targets
2. most drugs block steps that take place within cells, increasing chances for cell toxicity

Question 11

Most antivirals are considered _____ becaue they can’t actively kill the virus because the virus isn’t living

Answer 11

viruSTATIC

Question 12

List some antiviral targets:

Answer 12

1. attachment (viral attachment to host cell)
2. uncoating of virus
3. viral DNA/RNA synthesis
4. viral assembly
5. budding/release
6. stimulate/assist immune system

Question 13

Give an example of an antiviral that targets the viral attachment stage:

Answer 13

Enfuvirtide (anti-HIV drug)

Question 14

Describe the mechanism of action for Enfuvirtide:

Answer 14

Blocks folding of GP-41 protein, preventing fusion of virus from host cell membrane

Question 15

Describe the mechanism of action for the antiflu drug Amantadine:

Answer 15

It blocks the M1 receptor preventing the detection of pH outside virus (uncoating of virus stage)

Question 16

What is the primary target for most antivirals?

Answer 16

Viral DNA/RNA synthesis

Question 17

List some examples of antivirals stimulating/assisting the immune system:

Answer 17

1. natural human peptides
2. interferons
3. immunoglobulin
4. monoclonal antibodies

Question 18

Natural human peptides, interferons, immunoglobulins, and monoclonal antibodies are all examples of:

Answer 18

stimulating/assisting the immune system

Question 19

Is HSV a DNA or RNA virus?

Answer 19

DNA

Question 20

How is HSV spread?

Answer 20

Direct contact

(due to viral shedding from saliva or blood)

Question 21

When HSV infection occurs through broken skin and innoculates nerve tissue this is known as:

Answer 21

Primary infection

Question 22

Herpes viruses remain ____ for long periods of time without reproducing and avoids the immune response

Answer 22

latent

Question 23

What serves to reactivate a latent herpes virus?

Answer 23

1. immune deficiency states
2. stress
3. irritating agents

Question 24

List some dental scenarios that may reactivate a latent herpes virus:

Answer 24

1. trauma to area of primary infection
2. dental procedures/extraction
3. lip injury

Question 25

What are the prodromal symptoms of HSV?

Answer 25

1. pain 2. tingling 3. burning

Question 26

What type of tissue does HSV occur on?

Answer 26

Keratinized tissue

Question 27

Herpes simplex labialis =

Answer 27

cold sore (HSV Type-1)

Question 28

What percent of HSV Type-1 occurs as "genital herpes":

Answer 28

3%

Question 29

Herpes simplex genitalis =

Answer 29

Genital herpes (HSV Type-2)

Question 30

What percent of HSV Type-2 occurs as "oral herpes":

Answer 30

30%

Question 31

In the herpes virus, the virus ascends in the ___ nerve and survives/persists

Answer 31

trigeminal

Question 32

The herpes virus "hides" from immune system in nerve cell bodies of ____

Answer 32

ganglia

Question 33

What are reactivation triggers for HSV?

Answer 33

1. UV light 2. Friction/trauma 3. Fever/illness 4. Stress 5. Steroids 6. Immunosuppressants

Question 34

What nerve and what ganglion are involve in the latent stage of herpes virus?

Answer 34

Trigeminal nerve; Gasserion ganglion

Question 35

Prodromal HSV symptoms typically occur about _____ before an outbreak

Answer 35

24 hours

Question 36

The management approach of HSV-1 is dependent on:

Answer 36

1. primary or reactivation of HSV infection 2. severity of symptoms 3. site of infection (mucosal vs. disseminated disease) 4. frequency of recurrences

Question 37

Systemic agents used in the treatment of HSV-1:

Answer 37

1. Acyclovir 2. Famciclovir 3. Valacyclovir

Question 38

____ & ____ have better oral bioavailability than _____ (for HSV)

Answer 38

Fam & Val ; Acyclovir

Question 39

Between famciclovir, acyclovir and valacyclovir, which is the most effective against HSV?

Answer 39

Acyclovir

Question 40

Although Acyclovir is the most effective drug against HSV, what is the downfall?

Answer 40

Very short half-life, would have to dose 3-5x daily

Question 41

Valacyclovir is acyclovir with an extra ____ on it which allows it to evade some of the first pass metabolism resulting in a longer half life

Answer 41

Valine

Question 42

HSV medications are categorized as:

Answer 42

DNA nucleoside analogs

Question 43

Drugs that are structural analogs of nucleosides (building blocks of DNA and RNA):

Answer 43

DNA nucleoside analogs

Question 44

HSV medications (DNA nucleoside analogs) are good anti-viral drugs because they block:

Answer 44

viral nucleic acid synthesis

Question 45

DNA nucleoside analogs are selectively toxic prodrugs, meaning they only work on viruses with:

Answer 45

Viral thymidine kinase

Question 46

What is the key to selectivity for DNA nucleoside analogs (HSV antivirals):

Answer 46

Thymidine kinase

Question 47

DNA nucleoside analogs change nucleosides into ___ by adding ____

Answer 47

nucleoTIDES; 1st phosphate

Question 48

What are the main side effects seen with HSV medications?

Answer 48

GI upset & headache