Lecture 24 - Spatial Memory (TBC) Flashcards
Module 4
____ ____ was a concept proposed by Edward Tolman which describes the internal psychological representation of the spatial layout of the environment
cognitive map
A location can be defined as its relationship with the identifyable & stable ____ and ____ ____ to estimate relative location
landmarks; anchor points
In an ____ cognitive map, the place/info are in reference to self (relative to what is actually seen). In an ____ cognitive map, the place/info are in reference to the objective landmarks in the environment.
Egocentric; Allocentric
The hippocampal formation is made of 3+1 parts:
- Hippocampus
- Medial entorhinal cortex
- Postsubiculum
+1. Anterodorsal thalamic nucleus (technically not, but provides critical input)
____ and ____ ____ are at the top of the hierarchical organization of cortical structures. The former one receives highly processed info, and perform computation / storage of info, then send ____ projections back down the hierarchy.
hippocampus; entorhinal cortex; feedback
The entorhinal cortex provides primary input hippocampus, through which
- Layer __ projects to ____ ____ and CA__
- Layer __ projects to CA__ and ____
- 2; dentate gyrus; 3
- 3; 1; subiculum
The entorhinal cortex is also the primary recipient of output from hippocampus, through which CA__ and ____ project to layer __ and __
1; subiculum; 5; 6
Entorhinal cortex layers 5 and 6 project superficially to layers __ and __, and also send feedback projections to lower order ____ areas
2; 3; cortical
____ ____ is a repersentation of a neuron’s firing rate as a function of space. On that, the small area of increased activity is called a ____ ____, and a neuron that codes this type of spatial info is called a ____ ____. These neurons are primarily found in the ____.
Spatial ratemap; place field; place cell; hippocampus
Head direction cells can be found in a large number of brain regions. For this course, we will focus on the ____ ____ ____ and ____
anterodorsal thalamic nucleus; postsubiculum
A ____ ____ is the repersentation of 360 degress that a rat can be facing. Head direction is ____ of spatial location, so firing is dispersed throughout the open field.
polar ratemap; independent
spatial cell types are anchored to ____ ____, and has priority for the more ____ ones in the environment.
visual cues; stable
Head direction cells are found in the ____, while grid cells occupy ____ ____ ____
postsubiculum; medial entorhinal cortex
In an experiment that recorded grid cells in ____ ____ before, during, and after inactivating ____ ____ ____, they found that without ____ ____ cells, grid cells (do/do not) track location appropriately.
entorhinal cortex; anterodorsal thalamic nucleus; head direction; do not
The ____ ____ cortex is home to ____ cells that track the running speed of the rat. Experimenters who set up a passive transportation for the rat later found that running speed information is necessary for ____ cell generation.
medial entorhinal; speed; grid
The ____ ____ cortex also contains ____ cells, which fire along specific borders of an environment that respond to different types of borders (walls, drop-offs, etc)
medial entorhinal; border
____ ____ recorded in a familiar environment are not impacted by ____ ____ inactivation, and ____ ____ aren’t necessary for generating place maps
place cells; medial septal; grid cells
In a novel environment during ____ ____ inactivation, a stable spatial representation is created – ____ cells form in the absence of ____ cells, and newly formed place map persist until the next day
medial septal; place; grid
The longer time ____ is inactivated, the less input there is to the medial entorhinal cortex, the more ____ structure is lost, but not necessarily the ____ information associated with it
hippocampus; grid; spatial
In a 2020 study by Robinson et al., certain place cells associated with different zones of the track is identified and differentially stimulated by ____ techniques. When experimentor stimulated ____ zone place cells in the middle of the track, the mouse behaved as though it has reached the ____ zone and exhibit ____ licking; when they stimulated ____ zone place cells in the middle of the track, the mouse behaved as though it is farther from the reward, and showed a running ____.
optogenetic; reward; reward; increased; start; overshoot
Intra-hippocampal connectivity are composed of primarily unidirectional projections:
1. ____ ____ to CA__
2. CA__ to CA__
3. CA__ to ____
- dentate gyrus -> 3
- 3 -> 1
- 1 -> subiculum
____ CA1 place cells has higher spatial specificity than ____ CA1 place cells
proximal; distal
In rats, place cells in ____ hippocampus have small place fields covering less than 1m, while place cells in ____ hippocampus have large place fields covering as much as 6-8m.
dorsal; ventral
In rats, the ____-____ axis of the hippocampus spans ~10-12mm, and is equivalent to the ____-____ axis of the human hippocampus
dorso-ventral; anterior-posterior
