Lecture 26 Flashcards
ADH stands for _____________
- another name is ___________ because it produces vasoconstriction (decrease blood vessel diameter by vascular smooth cell contraction)
Anti-diuretic hormone
- vasopressin
ADH is produced by the hypothalamus (_______________ and ____________ nuclei); stored and released by _________ pituitary gland
paraventricular; supraoptic; posterior
anti-diuresis means: ________________________
“against- excessive urine production”
- increasing __________ ______________ (hemoconcentration) triggers the secretion of ADH
For example:
- Excessive sweating–> ADH will restore the water lost during physical activity
blood osmolality
Diabetes Insipidus
- concentration of sodium= ________________
- water volume= ______________
- blood pressure= _____________
- skin condition= ______________
- urine= __________
- increased
- decreased
- decreased
- dry
- diluted
Central diabetes insipidus= ____________ secretion of ADH
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus= failure of __________ to respond to ADH
decreased
kidney
SIADH= _______________________________
- ___________ production of ADH
- concentration of sodium= ___________
- water volume= _____________
- blood pressure= ___________
- urine= ___________________
- _________ due to ion concentration changes
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion
- excessive
- decreased
- increased
- increased
- stick and thick
- seizures
Two components of the adrenal gland
1.
2.
Three layers (or zones) of the adrenal cortex
1.
2.
3.
- Adrenal cortex
- Adrenal medulla (inside)
- Zona glomerulosa
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona reticularis
Hormones produced by…
- Zona glomerulosa= ________________________
- Zona fasciculata= _________________________
- Collective term used for these hormones= ________________
- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
- glucocorticoids (cortisol)
- corticosteroids
Hormones produced by…
- zona reticularis= ____________ (mostly _______)
- require __________ _______ to active sex steroids (testosterone & dihydrotestosterone)
- androgens (DHEA)
- peripheral conversion
DHEA stands for ________________________
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Hormones produced by…
- adrenal medulla= _________________ (mostly _______________, but also _____________ and __________)
- these are secreted by _________ cells (sympathetic postganglionic neurons, without dendrites or axon= neuroendocrine cells)
- ______________________= a benign tumor that effects cells that continuously overproduces catecholamines)
- catecholamines (epinephrine; norepinephrine; dopamine)
- chromaffin
- pheochromocytoma
Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to retain ________
and _______ is retained with it by osmosis
- increasing circulating volume and therefore ________ blood pressure
sodium; water
- increasing
Cortisol is the major glucocorticoid and increases in response to _______
- it suppresses the _________ system, which is the basis for immunosuppressive drug therapy with glucocortitoids
stress; immune
Effects of cortisol on metabolism in…
Muscles:
- increases protein _________ in order to use amino acids to form _______
- also _________ glucose uptake
Liver:
- __________ gluconeogenesis
Adipose tissue:
- ____________ abdominal fat
- but also ____________ lipolysis in peripheral fat
Overall effect is _______________
- catabolism; glucose
- decreases
- increase
- increases
- increases
hyperglycemia
Cortisol secretion is regulated by the ______ axis= _________________________
- ______ from hypothalamus stimulates the release of ______ from anterior pituitary gland which in turn stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol
HPA= Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
- CRH; ACTH
Adrenal Androgens is regulated by ________
- they have ______ biological activity, but in many tissues (like the gonads) they are transformed into _______________ and ____________ which are more potent forms
ACTH
- low; testosterone; dihydrotestosterone
__________ (secretion of adrenal androgens) occurs years______ __________ (secretion of gonadal sex steroids)
Adrenarche; BEFORE; gonadarche
Main functions of adrenal androgens in…
- Fetus: prenatal development of _______ _______________ _______
- At puberty: stimulation of growth of pubic and axillary ______ and their associated apocrine _______ glands
- male reproductive tract
- hair; sweat
In women, excessive adrenal androgens production= ______________ which is the development of masculine physical traits
virilization
The main adrenal estrogen= ______________
- this hormone source is important after _________: the ovaries no longer function & only the adrenals secrete estrogen
Estradiol
- menopause
Cushing’s Syndrome is attributed to the hyper secretion of ____________
cortisol
Adrenogenital Syndrome (aka __________________)
- hyper secretion of _______
- caused by excessive production of _______
Primary adrenal insufficiency (aka ____________)
- hypo secretion of _________
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
- DHEA
- ACTH
Addison’s Disease
- adrenocortical hormones
What stimulates release of GH:
- _________
- _________ (physical and/or emotional)
- _________
- _________ (secreted by stomach, produce hunger sensation)
these all increase levels of _________
What inhibits GH release
- ________
- ________
- sleep
- stress
- hypoglycemia
- gherlin
GHRH - aging
- carbohydrates
