Lecture 25 Flashcards
1
Q
Which system exhibits slow, long lasting results and which one has quick brief results? The nervous system or endocrine system
A
- endocrine system= slow, long lasting
- nervous system= quick brief results
2
Q
Chemical transmitters:
- ___________= endocrine system; produced by endocrine glandular cells (GLANDS) and travels through the ____________
- ___________= nervous system; travel short distances to effect muscles and glands; quick brief results
A
hormones; bloodstream neurotransmitters
3
Q
Both the endocrine and nervous system serve for internal _____________ and they both use chemical transmitters
A
communication
4
Q
Several chemicals function as both NT and H which include…
A
norepinephrine, epinephrine, and ADH
5
Q
- Some H and NT produce __________ effects on the same organ
- Only certain _________ organs or cell respond to NT or H
A
identical; target
6
Q
Endocrine system: made up of all the ________, __________, and ______ that secrete ____________
A
glands; tissues; cells; hormones
7
Q
____________: long-distance signals that travel in the blood
A
hormones
8
Q
Hormones acts as _________ because they bind receptor molecules in target cells
A
ligands
9
Q
- target cell/tissue: possesses _________ to which a specific hormone acts
- the expected outcome upon the binding of a hormone is start __________ and/or synthesize a specific ___________-
A
- receptors
- dividing; protein
10
Q
_________: a bodily structure responsible for producing various substances, such as hormones, digestive fluids, sweat, tears, salvia, or milk
A
gland
11
Q
- __________ glands: release substances into a duct or opening to the inside or outside of the body
-__________ glands: secrete hormones into the bloodstream
A
- exocrine
- endocrine
12
Q
The pancreas serves as both ____________ and __________ glands
- ________ cells release digestive enzymes into ducts
- pancreatic ______ release hormones into the blood
A
exocrine; endocrine
- acinar
- islets
13
Q
scattered throughout the pancreas: endocrine cell clusters called _________ ____ (aka _______ ___ ____________)
A
pancreatic islets; islets of langerhans
14
Q
Specific pancreatic cells that are responsible for the production of
- Insulin= _______ cells
- Amylin= _______ cells
- Glucagon= _____ cells
A
- beta
- beta
- alpha
15
Q
The hormones that play a role in the homeostasis of glycemia (blood glucose) are
____________,___________, and __________
A
insulin, amylin, and glucagon
16
Q
Insulin and glucagon have ___________ effects on peripheral organs to control blood glucose levels
-insulin __________ glucose levels while glucagon tends to __________ circulating glucose levels
A
antagonistic
- lowers; raise
17
Q
_________ of blood glucose levels, such as after eating a a meal, initiates the release of insulin from the ____________
A
increase; pancreas
18
Q
______________: glycogen synthesis (glucose molecules added to glycogen chains for storage)
A
glycogenesis
19
Q
_______________: synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
A
gluconeogenesis
20
Q
- insulin ___________ glycogenesis in the liver and ____________ gluconeogenesis
- glucagon ___________ glycogenolysis and ____________ gluconeogenesis
A
- stimulates; inhibits
- stimulates; stimulates
21
Q
- insulin __________ glucose uptake in adipose tissue and muscle
A
- increases
22
Q
Amylin is ______________ secreted with insulin. It helps to ________ spikes in blood glucose by:
- suppressing ___________
- _________ gastric emptying
- _________ glucagon release
A
simultaneously; lowers
- appetite
- slow
- inhibits
23
Q
____________ in blood glucose levels, such as between meals, triggers the release of ___________ in the liver
A
deceased; glucagon
24
Q
Insulin enables glucose entry into various tissues like muscle and adipose by promoting the movement of ____________ ____________ _____________ to the cell membrane
A
GLUT 4 glucose transporters
25
_______________ is responsible for transporting glucose from the bloodstream into cells, particularly muscle and adipose (fat) cells
GLUT-4
26
___________ __________ is a metabolic disease, involving inappropriately elevated glucose levels
diabetes mellitus
27
Type 1 diabetes:
- autoimmune attack---> pancreatic ______ cell destruction---> deficiency of ________ secretion
- usually diagnosed before the age of ____
- patient requires __________ injection
- beta; insulin
- insulin
- 30
28
Type 2 diabetes:
- ______________ __________ to insulin action (decreased sensitivity) & inadequate compensatory response of _________ secretion by the pancreas (progressive loss of beta-cells function)
- usually diagnosed after age ____
- peripheral resistance; insulin
- 40
29
______________ ________________: unresponsiveness of the target cells to insulin (Type 2 diabetes is characterized by this state)
insulin resistance
30
Alternate name for pituitary gland= _____________
Lobes of pituitary gland:
1.
2.
hypophysis
1. Anterior (adenohypophysis)
2. Posterior (neurohypophysis)
31
the ______________________ is located blow the thalamus and sits just above the brainstem
- its primary function to maintain homeostasis in the body; links the nervous and endocrine systems by way of the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
32
The __________ connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
infundibulum
33
How are the hormones produced in the hypothalamus transported to the
- neurohypophysis= _________________________
- adenohypophysis= ________________________
- hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
- hypophysial portal system
34
The primary functions of hypothalamic hormones that travel through the hypophysial portal system are to bind receptors in the __________ pituitary gland affecting the pituitary _________ production and release
anterior; hormone
35
In relation to the hypothalamus, the portal system is a specialized network of _____ ________ that connects the hypothalamus and the ________________ pituitary gland
blood vessels; anterior
36
- What is the purpose of releasing hormones: ________________________________
- What is their abbreviation: ___________
- Where are they produced: _______________
- stimulate the anterior pituitary to release hormones
- RH
- hypothalamus
37
- What is the function of inhibiting hormones: ______________________________
- What is their abbreviation: __________
- Where are they produced: ___________________
- suppress anterior pituitary secretion of hormones
- IH
- hypothalamus
38
____________ _______________: act on another endocrine gland/cells and stimulate production of other hormones (most produced by anterior pituitary gland)
tropic hormones
39
Hypothalamic hormones full names:
1. CRH = ___________________________
2. TRH = ___________________________
3. GnRH = _________________________
4. GHRH = _________________________
5. SS= _________________________
6. PIH = _______________________
1. Corticotropin releasing hormone
2. Thyrotropin releasing hormone
3. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
4. Growth hormone releasing hormone
5. somatostatin (IH)
6. Prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine)
40
Anterior Pituitary hormones full names:
1. ACTH = _______________________
2. TSH = _______________________
3. LH = ________________________
4. FSH = _______________________
5. GH = ______________________
6. PRL= _____________________
1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
3. Luteinizing hormone
4. Follicle-stimulating hormone
5. Growth hormone
6. Prolactin
41
Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of .... from the anterior pituitary
- ACTH: ________________
- TSH: ___________________
- LH: ___________________
- FSH: __________________
- GH: ___________________
- CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)
- TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)
- GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
- GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
- GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)
42
Which hypothalamic hormone inhibits the release of .... from the anterior pituitary
- GH: __________
- PRL: _________
- SS (somatostatin)
- Dopamine (prolactin inhibiting hormone)
43
Hypothalamic nuclei that produce the hormones oxytocin and ADH
1.
2.
- these hormones are transported to the _____________ pituitary for storage through the _________________________________
1. paraventricular nucleus
2. supraoptic nucleus
- posterior; hypothalamo-hypophsyeal tract
44
Six hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland
1.
2.
1. ACTH
2. TSH
3. LH
4. FSH
5. GH
6. PRL
1. Oxytocin
2. ADH
45
Identify the organ or tissue targets for the following hormones
- ACTH= ________________
- TSH= _________________
- GH= _________________
- FSH= _______________
- LH= _______________
- PRL= ______________
- adrenal cortex
- thyroid
- bone and muscle
- gonads (testes and ovaries)
- gonads (testes and ovaries)
- breast
46
Identify the organ or tissue targets for
- Oxytocin= ______________
- ADH= ___________________
- breast
- kidney
47
- Which cells within the thyroid gland are responsible for producing thyroid hormone (TH)? ___________________________ (they form the walls of the follicles in the thyroid gland)
Two types of thyroid hormones
1.
2.
- Which cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin? _________________
- follicular cells (aka thyroid epithelial cells or thyrocytes)
1. T4 (tetraiodothyronine)
2. T3 (triiodothyronine)
- parafollicular cells= clear (C) cells
48
______________: proteins that is present in the colloid of the follicles within the thyroid gland; contains tyrosine residues which serves as sites for iodination
thyroglobulin (Tg)
49
Circulating TH concentration are regulated via a _______________ _____________ system at the level of the hypothalamus and the pituitary
example: an increase of blood levels of TH will inhibit their own secretion by decreasing the levels of TRH and TSH
negative feedback
50
The two main components of T3 and T4 are ________ (comes from the diet) and __________ (comes from thyroglobulin)
iodine; tyrosine
50
TH is inactivated by __________ (_____) which is an enzyme that removes iodine from TH
deiodinase (D3)
50
The active form of TH= ____ which has been converted from T4 by _____________ (____ and ____) within target cells
T3; deiodinase (D1 and D2)
51
- Iodide from the diet enters the lumen of the thyroid follicles through a _________/_______ ______________
- Iodine (I2) forms through ______________ of iodide and needs the enzyme __________ for this process
- sodium/iodide symporter
- oxidation; thyroperoxidase
52
_____________ is also know as colloid, it is a gel-like substance that fills the thyroid follicles
hydrocolloid
53
TSH binds to and activates the ________, located on the surface of thyroid follicular cells
TSH stimulates TH secretion through enhancing
- __________ uptake
- ___________ synthesis
- ____________ activity
TSHR
- iodide
- thyroglobulin
- thyroperoxidase
54
Following iodide uptake and oxidation, iodine binds _______ __________ on thyroglobulin to form _______
and ______
- this process is also known as "organification of iodide"
tyrosine residues; MIT; DIT
55
Thyroglobulin iodination, results in the formation of MIT (_______________) and DIT (_______________)
monoiodotyrosine; diiodotyrosine
56
Combination of...
- MIT and DIT= _______ (triiodothyronine)
- DIT and DIT= ______ (tetraiodothyronine/ thyroxine)
T3; T4
57
Functions of the thyroperoxidase enzyme
1.
2.
3
1. iodide oxidation
2. thyroglobulin iodination
3. MIT and DIT coupling
58
TH remains anchored to _____ in the follicles where _____ stimulates their secretion
Tg; TSH
59
- When the follicle cells receive TSH, they absorb droplets of Tg by ______________
- _________ __________ located in lysosomes digest Tg and facilitate the release of TH in follicular cells
- endocytosis (pinocytosis)
- hydrolytic enzymes
60
_____ is the most abundant form of TH
T4 (80%) released in bloodstream
61
TH is HYDROPHOBIC so they bind to transport proteins in blood (mainly the __________________)
thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
62
TH _______ basal metabolic rate (BMR) which _________ heat production (calorigenic effect)
- this is because they increase the gene expression of _________ ___________
increases; increases; Na+/K+ ATPase
63
TH effect on the heart
- _________ beta receptors
- _________ heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and contractility
this is because they have permissive effect on ______________
- increase
- increase
catecholamines
64
TH __________ oxygen consumption and respiration rate through the stimulation of ________ _________
- Oxygenation ensures adequate blood and oxygen supply to meet the increased ____________ demand
increases; respiratory centers
- metabolic
65
TH affects virtually every organ system in the body e.g.:
- Reproductive system: affects ___________, ___________, and __________
- Skeletal muscle: increase development of _______ _____ muscle fibers (fast-twitch)
- Brain: needed for the ____________ of the brain/ also affects _______
- Bones: TH act synergistically with GH to __________ bone growth
- fertility, ovulation, menstruation
- type II
- maturation; mood
- stimulate
66
Two main thyroid disorders
1.
2.
1. Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)
2. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)
67
Hashimoto's disease:
- autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland
- the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland
- The most common antibody= __________ (also ___________)
- anti-TPO (thyroperoxidase antibody); anti-Tg (thyroglobulin antibody)
68
Toxic goiter (Graves disease):
- autoimmune disorder
- antibodies mimic the effect of ______ and overstimulate the thyroid
- TSH
69
Symptoms of hypothyroidism:
- _______ loss
- weight _____
- muscle pain
- ________ intolerance
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism:
- ___________ and _________
- ________ intolerance
- hair
- gain
- cold
- irritability; anxiety
- heat
70
In hypothyroidism the levels of...
- TSH= _______
- T4= ________
In hyperthyroidism the levels of....
- TSH= ______
-T4= ______
- high
- low
- low
- high
71
PTH stands for ___________ which are secreted in the _________
- main role is to regulate blood ________ levels
- _____________ (low blood calcium) stimulates PTH release
Parathyroid hormone; parathyroid gland
-calcium
-hypocalcemia
72
PTH raises the calcium level by:
- __________ osteoclast activity in bone
- increases calcium ___________ in kidney tubule
- increases activation of __________ by kidney which increases calcium absorption from food in ____________
- increases
- reabsorption
- vitamin D; small intestine
73
After PTH action blood calcium levels are ________
increased
