Lecture 27 Flashcards
Reproductive Tract Development + Puberty
1
Q
Puberty
A
developmental process enabling successful reproduction
2
Q
GnRH
A
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormones; initiates reproductive hormone release
3
Q
LH
A
Luteinizing Hormone, stimulates gonadal steroid production
4
Q
FSH
A
Follicle-stimulating Hormone; gametogenesis
5
Q
Gonadal steroids
A
Hormones produced by gonads, influence reproduction
6
Q
Secondary sex characteristics
A
physical traits distinguishing male and female
7
Q
Age at first ovulation
A
first occurence of ovulation in females
8
Q
Age at first estrus
A
First behavioral signs of female sexual reproductivity
9
Q
Age at menarche
A
first menstrual cycle (specific to humans)
10
Q
Age to support pregnancy
A
age when female can carry offspring
11
Q
Behavioral traits in males
A
first signs of male reproductive behavior
12
Q
Age at first ejaculation
A
first occurrence of male ejaculation
13
Q
spermatozoa appearance
A
first presence of sperm in ejaculate
14
Q
Threshold sperm count
A
minimum sperm quantity needed for fertilization
15
Q
Nutritional factors
A
Influence of diet on puberty onset
16
Q
Kisspeptin
A
peptide that regulates GnRH secretion
17
Q
Seasonal effects
A
Enviornmental factors affecting puberty timing
18
Q
Hypothalamic sensitivity
A
reduced response to negative feedback in puberty
19
Q
Mini puberty
A
temporary surge of hormones in early life
20
Q
Hormonal profiles
A
levels of hormones during differnt life stages
21
Q
Fetal Hormone Production
A
high gonadal steroid production during fetal life
22
Q
Post-natal hormone levels
A
low and similar hormone levels before puberty
23
Q
Testosterone and estrogen sensitivity
A
hormone levels are similar before puberty
24
Q
Tonic center
A
hypothalamic area releasing consistent GnRH pulses
25
Negative feedback
hormonal regulation reducing GnRH secretion sensitivity
25
Surge center
hypothalamic area releasing high GnRH pulses pre-ovulation
26
Folliculogenesis
development of ovarian follicles during puberty
27
Spermatogenesis
development of sperm cells during puberty
28
Exogenosus GnRH
external GnRH stimulates LH/FSH release
29
Nutritional status
body fat influencing onset puberty
30
Social Cues
Interactions influencing puberty timing
31
Prepubertal period
phase with minimal GnRH, LH, FSH
32
Increased pulses
higher GnRH frequency signaling puberty onset
33
Gonadal steroids
hormones like estrogen and testosterone produced by gonads
34
Sensitivity decrease
hypothalamus requiring more hormones for feedback
35
Dominant follicles
Ovarian follicles producing high estrogen levels
36
`Estradiol
estrogen influencing negative feedback on GnRH
37
Ovariectomized ewes
ewes without ovaries used to study estradiol effects
38
Cycling lambs
lambs starting reproductive cycles around 30 weeks
39
Hormonal surge
rapid increase in hormones leading to ovulation
40
Genetics
hereditary factors affecting reproductive traits
41
Breed
specific genetic lineage influencing reproductive characteristics
42
Nutrition
Dietary intake impacting reproductive health and function
43
Threshold body size
minimum size females need before reaching puberty
44
GnRH secretion
Hormone secretion is influenced by glucose levels
45
2DG
chemical reducing LH pulse frequency in ewes
46
Season of birth
timing of birth affecting puberty onset
47
Spring-born lambs
reach puberty earlier than fall-born lambs
48
Social environment
Presence of males can induce puberty
49
Endocrine disrupting chemicals
substances causing hormonal imbalances affecting puberty
50
estrogen analogues
chemicals mimicking estrogen, may trigger earlier puberty
51
reproductive luxury
reproduction may halt during food scarcity
52
Malnourished female
may stop cycling due to insufficient nutrients
53
Mature weight at Puberty
percentage of body weight females must attain
54
Dairy cattle puberty
30-40% weight needed for puberty
55
Beef cattle puberty
55-65% weight needed for puberty
56
Sheep puberty
40-63% puberty
57
High nutrition impact
accelerates puberty in heifers compared to low nutrition
58
Kisspeptin neurons
regulate GnRH neurons based on metabolic signals
59
Leptin
hormone indicating fat levels; affcets reproductive signaling
60
Photoperiod influence
day length affecting timing of female puberty
61
group density
housing density affecting puberty onset in gilts
62
Pheremonal influence
chemical signals from males affecting female puberty
63
Sex determination
process determining an organism's sexual characteristics
64
Genetic sex determination
determined by sex chromosomes
65
Gonadal sex
presence of testes or ovaries in an organism
66
Hormonal sex
levels of androgens or estrogens in the body
67
Phenotypic sex
physical traits indicating male or female characteristics
68
Behavioral sex
exhibited behaviors typical of males or females
69
Hermaphrodite
organism with both testes and ovaries
70
Simultaneous hermaphroditism
presence of ovaries and testes at the same time
71
sequential hermaphroditism
switching between male and female reproductive systems
72
Protandry
switch from male to female in sequential hermaphroditism (clownfish)
73
Protogyny
switch from female to male in sequential hermaphroditism
74
Ovotestis
Gonad containing both ovarian and testicular tissue
75
Cascade of events
sequence regulating sex determination and reproductive development
76
Social/ behavioral determination
sex determined by social cues and behaviors
77
Temperature dependent sex determination
sex determined by enviornmental temperature conditions (in egg-laying species)
78
SRY gene
gene on y chromosome crucial for male development
79
clownfish social hierarchy
dominance based on size affects reproductive roles
80
dominant female
largest female in clownfish hierarchy, breeds with male
81
dominant male
largest male in clownfish hierarchy, breeds with female
82
Critical temperature
temperature affecting sex ratio in certain reptiles
83
Sexual maturity
development stage when an organism can reproduce
84
Thermo-sensitive proteins
proteins that sense temperature and regulate gene expression
85
Threshold temperature
temp. at which sex ratios equalize
86
Estrogen's role
essential for ovary development in birds and reptiles
87
Temperature regulation of estrogen
temperature affects enzymes that produce estrogen
88
Aromatase
enzyme that converts androgens to estrogen
89
Homogametic sex
sex with two identical sex determination
90
Heterogametic sex
sex with 2 different sex chromosomes
91
autosomal chromosomes
everything but the sex chromosomes
92
Biopotential gonad
undifferentiated gonad that become testes or ovaries
93
Mesonephric ducts
ducts that develop into male reproductive structures (Wollfian ducts--> male reproductive tract)
94
Paramesonephric ducts
ducts that develop into female reproductive structures (mulleran ducts--> female tract)
95
Homologous structures
structures derived from the same embryonic tissue
96
Three kidney types
97
Genital ridge
thickened epithelium where gonads develop
98
Pridmordial Germ cells
cells that migrate to genital ridge to differentiate
99
Sex cords
structures that develop into seminiferous tubules or follicles
100
Testis-determining factor
protein produced by SRY gene initiating male differentiation
101
SOX-9
transcription factor activated by SRY for testis development
102
Sertoli cells
cells that support spermatogenesis and produce AMH
103
Leydig cells
cells that produce androgens like testosterone
104
AMH
Hormone inhibiting mulleran duct development in males
105
Androgens
hormones necessary for male reproductive tract development
106
Granulosa cells
cells involved in ovarian follicle development
107
FOXL2
transcription factor promoting ovarian pathways in females
108
Ovarian pathways
pathways activated absence of SRY and AMH
109
Follicular development timing
stages of ovarian follicular development during gestation
110
Default pathway
female phenotype development without male hormones
111
External genitalia differentiation
process influenced by hormones from gonad
112
Testosterone conversion
testosterone converted to DHT for male development
113
Positive Feedback Loops
mechanisms maintaining SOX-9 expression in testes
114
SRY gene
sex-determining gene on Y chromosome influencing male traits
115
Wnt4
signaling pathway crucial for female reproductive tract development
116
DMRT1
transcription factor regulating sex differntiation in birds
117
Primordial germ cells
early reproductive cells differentiating into sperm or eggs
118
AMH
Causes regression of Mullerian ducts
119
Bicornuate uterus
Uterine abnormality with two horns due to duct fusion issue
120
Simplex uterus
normal uterus formed from complete fusion of ducts
121
Duplex uterus
uterine abnormality with two distinct cavities
122
Alfa FetoProtein
binds to estrogen, preventing it from passing blood-brain barrier
123
Blood brain barrier
protective barrier preventing large molecules from crossing into the brain
124
Surge center
brain region controlling reproductive hormone surges in females
125
Klienfelter's Syndrome
XXY
-breast enlargment
-increase infertility
126
Freemartin
Cow and bull twins (androgen from bull causes cow repro tract to degrade)
127
Unicornuate uterus
one side degraded. leaves half a uterus
128
Didelphys uterus
2 separate uterus from unfused ducts
129
Septate uterus
septum from partially fused ducts
130
Hypospadias
urethra opening on underside of penis
131
5a-reductase deficiency
genetic males lack DHT, rasied as females
132
Persistent mulleran duct syndrome
mutation in AMH receptor causes retention of mulleran ducts in males
133
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
excess androgens in females due to adrenal defect
134
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
XY individuals unable to repsond to androgen (have high androgen but never develop full wollfian duct)
135
Amenoherrea
no menstration (turner's syndrome)
136
Cryptorchdism
undescended testes in males
137
Chimeric
female with both XX and XY cells
138
Turners syndrome
X (infertility, short stature)
