Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology of Reproduction > Lecture 31-33 > Flashcards

Lecture 31-33 Flashcards

Maternal Recognition, Embryonic Development, and Placentation

1
Q

Maternal Recognition of pregnancy

A

hormonal signaling to maintain corpus luteum function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

embryonic diapause

A

temporary suspension of embryo development for favorable conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Morula

A

solid ball of cells formed after fertilization (16-cell stage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Blastocyst

A

structure formed after morula, containing inner cell mass (hollow with fluid filled cavity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gastrula

A

stage where germ layers form during embryonic development(3 germ layers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

neurula

A

stage where neural tube begins to develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

organogenesis

A

formation of organs from germ layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Blastocoele

A

fluid-filled cavity within the blastocyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

trophoblast

A

the outer layer of blastocyst forms fetal membranes (extra-embryonic tissues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Inner Cell Mass (ICM)

A

cells inside the blastocyst that develop into the embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Interferon Tau (IFN-T)

A

hormone produced by blastocyst on day 13-21(before luteolysis) in cows and ewes that block production of oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Luteotropic Hormone (hCG)

A

hormone produced in humans to maintain Corpus Luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

PGF2a

A

prostaglandin involved in luteolysis regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pregnancy Specific Protein B (PSPB)

A

marker for pregnancy detected in maternal blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

E2 (estradiol)

A

hormone produced by the pig blastocyst to alter PGF2a secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prolactin

A

hormone involved in maintaining pregnancy by regulating metabolism, stress response and immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Obligate diapause

A

type of embryonic diapause that is caused by environmental factors (such as photoperiod)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Facultative diapause

A

type of embyonic diapause that can lead to the death of the embryo should those conditions not be met

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Chorion

A

fetal membrane that forms part of the placenta (secretes hormones like hCG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

structure producing progesterone to maintain pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Uterine contractions

A

movements that help move conceptus in mare’s uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Endometrium

A

inner lining of the uterus where implantation occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fetal membranes

A

structures surrounding the developing embryo/fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

embryo

A

An organism in early development stages, similar across stages (before fetal stage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Fetus
organism after 8 weeks, distinct anatomical features
26
conceptus
embryo and membranes or fetus and placenta
27
Totipotent
cells that can become any cell type
28
Monozygotic twins
identical twins from a single zygote split
29
Pluripotent
cells that can become several cell types
30
Stem cell
an undifferentiated cell that can produce more cells
31
Cleavage
mitotic divisions without growth phase between
32
Blastomeres
cells resulting from cleavage divisions
33
Epiblast
top layer of ICM, forms germ layers
34
Hypoblast
Bottom layer of ICM, forms yolk sac
35
Cytotrophoblast
trophoblast cells that remain as individuals
36
Syncytiotrophoblast
Trophoblast cells that fuse into a multinucleated cell layer
37
Zona pellucida
protective layer around early blastocyst
38
Blastocyst hatching
process of blastocyst releasing from zona pellucida
39
Fluid pressure
causes blastocyst to rupture zona pellucida
40
Massive growth rate
pig grows 4-8 mm per hour post hatching
41
Gastrulation
process forming three germ layers from inner cell mass
42
Neuralation
formation of neural tube from neural plate
43
Neurogenesis
formation of the neural system in embryos
44
Organogenesis
development of organs from tissue layers
45
Ectoderm
outer germ layer; forms skin and nervous system
46
Mesoderm
middle germ layer; forms muscles and reproductive organs
47
Endoderm
Innermost germ layer; forms digestive and respiratory systems
48
Notochord
Transient structure organizing midline in vertebrate embryo
49
Neural plate
thickened region of ectoderm forming the neural tube
50
Neural tube
structure developing into the brain and spinal cord
51
Somite
segmented structure developing into vertebrae and muscles
52
Somitogenesis
process of somite formation along the notocord
53
Primitive node
region initiating gastrulation and establishing body axes
54
Primitive streak
cell migration area forming endoderm and mesoderm
55
Crown rump length (CRL)
measurement from head crown to tail base
56
Regression formula (fetal age)
8.4 + (0.0087 * CRL) + (5.56 * (square root of CRL))
57
Gastrulation start
begins around day 16 in cattle embryos
58
Archenteron
primitive gut formed endoderm development
59
Neural induction
signals causing differentiation into neural plate
60
Yolk sac
regresses in mammals (no yolk present)
61
Amnion
fluid-filled sac providing shock absorption
62
Allantois
collects waste; temporary respiratory organ
63
Allantochorion
fused chorion and allantois; forms placenta
64
Fertilization
complete meiosis, forming ootid and polar body
65
syngamy
fusion of male and female pronuclei into zygote
66
zygote
diploid embryo formed after syngamy
67
Cleavage divisions
mitosis resulting in blastomeres from zygote
68
Attachment
connection between fetal chorion and maternal endometrium
69
Implantation
fetal tissue invade maternal tissues
70
Pre-attachment period
time before blastocyst attaches to endometrium
71
Cattle blastocyst
hatches day 9-11; attaches day 18-22
72
Human blastocyst
hatches day 5-6; attaches day 6-12
73
Gestation
period of carrying developing offspring
73
Theria
subclass of mammals giving live birth
74
Eutheria
mammals with true placenta
75
Metatheria
mammals with pouch and yolk-type embryo
76
Maternal tissue loss
occurs during placentation; affects fetal-maternal interface
77
Monotreme
egg-laying mammals without a placenta
78
Placenta
organ for metabolic exchange between fetus and dam
79
Chorionic villus
functional unit for placental metabolic exchange
80
Cotyledon
fetal structure in cattle placenta
81
Caruncle
maternal modification in cattle endometrium where placenta attaches
82
Endocrine organ
temporary organ producing hormones during pregnancy
83
Progesterone
maintains preganncy and uterine secretions
84
Placental lactogen
hormone stimulating lactation and fetal growth
85
Umbilical cord
structure connecting fetus to placenta
86
Ubilical arteries
carry deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta
87
Umbilical vein
carries oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus
88
Wharton's jelly
gelatinous substance in umbilical cord
89
Urachus
canal draining fetal urninary bladder within umbilical cord
90
simple diffusion
passive transport of gases and urea
91
facilitated diffusion
carrier molecules transport glucose and amino acids
92
active transport
transport pumps for Na+ and K+ in placenta
93
Triglycerides
maternal fast hydrolyzed for fetal lipid synthesis
94
Fat-soluable vitamins
does not cross placenta easily
95
water-soluable vitamins
easily cross placenta for fetal use
96
teratogenic substances
induce abnormal defects in developing fetus
97
hCG
hormone in humans that stimulates corpus luteum during pregnancy
98
eCG (PMSG)
stimulates ovulation in mares, acts like FSH
99
Sire-On-Fetus hypothesis
sire may influence placental lactogen production
100
Placental lactogen
regulates fetal growth and milk production
101
Relaxin
softens cervical and pelvic ligaments during partruition
102
somatomammotropin
stimulates milk production and growth
103
Lactogenic
stimulates production (genesis) of milk
104
Somatotropic
stimulates growth, similar to growth hormone
105
Deciduate placenta
maternal tissue eroded during placental development
106
Non-deciduate placenta
little to no maternal tissue loss during birth
107
epitheliochorial placenta
6 layers separate fetal from maternal blood
108
endotheliochorial placenta
4 layers separate fetal from maternal blood
109
Hemochorial placenta
3 layers; maternal blood bathes fetal chorion
110
syndesmochorial placenta
transient exposure of maternal capillaries to chorion
111
diffuse villi distribution
villi uniformly distributed over surface; seen in horses
112
zonary villi distribution
regions with different functions; seen in cats and dogs
113
discoid villi distribution
regional disc of chorionic villi; found in primates
114
Cotyledonary Villi Distribution
Grouped villi forming cotyledons; seen in ruminants
115
Placentome
fetal cotyledon + maternal caruncle
116
chorionic villi
protrusions from chorion for nutrient exchange
117
partruition
process of giving birth
118
Fetal growth regulation
influenced by placental lactogen levels
119
chorionic villi microzones
Microcotyledons formed in diffuse placenta
120
Pregnancy test in dogs
detects the presence of placental hormones
121
microcotyledons
distributed along the entire surface of placenta
122
123
transfer zone
central zone in zonary placenta
124
pigmented zone
paraplacenta in zonary placenta (usually dark brown or black)
125
Allantochorion
transparent one in zonary placenta
126
cotyledonary placenta
type of placenta in cows and ewes
127
Convex placenta
fetal cotyledon attaches to the caruncle (pointed up)
128
Concave placenta
Involves different attachment configurations (circular shaped)
129
Luteotropic
supports corpus luteum maintenance
130
Accessory corpora lutea
formed due to ovulation stimulation
131
Negative feedback
regulation mechanism affecting GnRH/LH
132
Endometrial cups
transient structures that produce eCG in mares
133
Binucleate giant cells
A large trophoblast-derived cells with two nuclei (can also secrete placental lactogen)
134
Decidualization
Endometrial changes preparing for implantation
135
VEGF
Vascular endothelial growth factor for angiogenesis

Biology of Reproduction (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions