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Biology of Reproduction > Lecture 34-35 > Flashcards

Lecture 34-35 Flashcards

Pregnancy, Parturition, and Puerperium

1
Q

Gestation

A

duration of pregnancy in different species

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2
Q

Bitch Gestation

A

6-10 months, average ~63 days

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3
Q

Queen Gestation

A

4-10 months, avergae ~63 days

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4
Q

Rat Gestation

A

~6 weeks , avergae ~22 days

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5
Q

Progesterone (P4)

A

hormone crucial for maintaining early pregnancy

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6
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

necessary for P4 production in early gestation

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7
Q

Placenta role

A

produces majority of P4 mid to late gestation

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8
Q

Species with continuous CL

A

Sow and rabbit need CL throughout pregnancy

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9
Q

Species with early CL

A

ewe, cow, mare, human need CL only early

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10
Q

Partuition

A

process of giving birth

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11
Q

Fetal rotation

A

fetus positions head against cervix before birth

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12
Q

endocrine cascade

A

triggers contractions and dilation during partruition

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13
Q

Progesterone decrease

A

occurs dramatically before partruition

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14
Q

estrogen increase

A

stimulates oxytocin receptors production before birth

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15
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

A

secreted by placenta, initiates partruition cascade

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16
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulated by CRH, affects adrenal hormone production

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17
Q

Corticoids

A

produced by adrenal glands, initiates partrution

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18
Q

three stages of parturition

A
  1. removal of P4 block +myometrial contractions begin
  2. expulsion of fetus
  3. expulsion of placenta (membranes)
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19
Q

First stage of parturition

A

-shift in steroid progesterone to estrogen
-Corticoids stimulate production of PGF2a
-stimulates oxytocin
-estrigen increases secrtions (mucus, lubrication,etc.)

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20
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

increases contractions during expulsion of fetus

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21
Q

Vasoconstriction of the Placenta

A

occurs during expulsion of fetal membranes

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22
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

the process of blood vessels narrowing, restricting blood flow

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23
Q

Luteolysis

A

induced by PGF2a, decreases progesterone levels

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24
Q

PGF2a

A

initates uterine contractions and luteolysis of CL

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24
Second stage of parturition
-hypoxic environment increases stress and movement -increase in muscle contractions -abdominal muscles push the fetus through cervix and vagina
25
Hypoxic
a state where tissue and cells in the body have an insufficient supply of oxygen
26
Third stage of parturition
-vasoconstriciton of maternal blood supply -chorionic villi become dislodged -Myometrial contractions expel placenta
27
retained placenta
incomplete or lack of vasoconstriction and erosin of fetal-maternal interface (could die)
28
Relaxin
hormone stimulating relaxation of pelvic ligaments
29
Cervical seal
mucus barrier preventing premature labor
30
Functional withdrawl
change in progesterone receptor types of uterus
31
Placental steroid shift
transition from p4 to e2
32
oxytocin receptors
increased expression in the myometrium during labor
33
Increase in oxytocin leads to...
more contractions!
34
Amnion rupture
fetal pressures cause membranes to break
35
Neuroendocrine response
signals release of oxytocin during contractions
36
Dystocia
difficult labor or childbirth
37
Healthy parturition
fetus positioned correctly for delivery
38
Retention of fetal membranes
failure to expel placenta during parturiton
39
Prolapsed uterus
uterus slips from normal position due to weakness
40
Lochia
postpartum vaginal discharge containing blood and tissue
41
Metritis
uterine inflammation(all layers) often followed by retained placenta
42
Endometritis
inflammation of endometrium layer of uterine
43
Pyometra
uterine infection with accumulated pus
44
uterine involution
process of uterus returning to non-pregnant state
45
Hypocalcemia
low calcium levels affecting muscle contractions
46
Breech birth
fetus positioned feet first during delivery
47
uterine fatigue
weak contractions hindering expulsion of fetus
48
equine retention time
1-3 hours (then vet assistance needed)
49
Bovine retention time
8-12 hours (for potential complications)
50
swine retention time
4-12 hours (rarely retains fetal membranes)
51
Goat/sheep retention time
1-2 hours, usually 1 day before intervention
52
Multiple offspring
multiple fetuses can complicated birthing
53
inadequate muscle contractions
insufficent strength to expel
54
infection risk factors
retained placenta and dystocia increase infection likelihood
55
puerperium duration
period from parturition to reproductive cycling resumption
56
Cows with retained placenta
3.36 times more likely to lose next pregnancy
57
ovarian cyclicity
return of ovarian function post-partum
58
voluntary waiting period
60 days between calving and next breeding
59
Caruncle
maternal tissue attachment site for fetal coteyledons
60
inter-caruncle space
area between caruncles in the uterus
61
Days postpartum
time frame for uterine recovery and cylicity
62
postpartum cyclicity
Resumption of ovarian function around 18-25 days
63
uterine repair timeline
-caruncle repair takes ~15 days -inter-caruncle takes ~ 8 days
64
Grade 1 metritis
enlarged uterus with pus discharge, no systemic signs
65
Grade 2 metritis
systemic illness signs like fever and decreased milk yield
66
Grade 3 metritis
signs of toxemia, including inappetence and depression
67
Clinical Endometritis (CE)
pus discharge detectable postpartum via Metricheck
68
Subclinical Endometritis
Inflammation without clinical signs, neutrophils present
69
Acute Endometritis
characterized by infection and neutrophil presence
70
Chronic Endometritis
presence of plasma cells in endometrial stroma
71
Pyometra
uterine infection with cystic endometrial hyperplasia
72
Hyperplasia
increased cell production in a normals tissue or organ
73
Closed Pyometra
[WORST ONE] cervix closed, cannot discharge; risk of rupture
74
Open Pyometra
cervix open, can drain; easier to diagnose
75
Typical vaginal mucus score 0
clear or translucent mucus observed
76
Typical vaginal mucus score 3
discharge with 50% pus material, appears yellow
77
Postpartum metritis
occurs 10-15 days after birth, common dairy cows

Biology of Reproduction (6 decks)

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