Lecture 29

Question 1

ATP synthase is comprised of two key complexes that are associated by ___ and ____ subunits that form the central shaft. ____ is a rotary compex within the mito inner membrane and consists of 9-12 c subunits. It is inhibited by the drug _____, hence its name. ____ is a catalytic complex that when isolated by itself can hydrolyze ATP (the opposite of what it does as part of the ATP synthase molecule.) Keep in mind ATP synthase can work in reverse when the concentration of ____ is high and the proton gradient is low.

Answer 1

Gamma Epsilon Fo Oligomycin F1 ATP

Question 2

ATP synthase forms ____ rows at the cristae tips, whereas proton pumps of the ETC, in particular Complex___, reside predominantly in the adjacent membrane regions.

Answer 2

Dimer Complex I

Question 3

_____ syndrome patients are homozygous for a _____ mutation in LONP1 gene resulting in arginine 721 to _____. Their lymphoblastoid cells’ mitochondrial cristae are less compact and less elongated compared to normal.

Answer 3

CODAS Missense Glycine

Question 4

For lean individuals, exposure to colder temps can cause increased activity in ____ fat, which does not occur to the same degree in overweight individuals.

Answer 4

Brown

Question 5

Uncoupling proteins are located in the mito _____, and decrease the proton gradient, using proton-motive force to generate heat, rather than allowing complex _____ to use the force to generate ATP.

Answer 5

Membrane Complex V

Question 6

____ adipose tissue is more metabolically active, more sensitive to insulin, and is less implicated in metabolic disorders than ____ adipose tissue. ____ adipose tissue is more metabolically active in females than males, is ______ correlated with BMI, and has lower activity in diabetics.

Answer 6

Brown White Brown Inversely

Question 7

Types of damage caused by ROS include DNA damage (8-______ is the most important/mutagenic), Protein damage, particularly the oxidation of cysteine to form ______ bonds, and Lipid peroxidation.

Answer 7

8-oxoguanine

Disulfide bonds

Question 8

_____1alpha is the master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. It’s a trancription factor that binds Hypoxic Response Elements (HREs) and is activated by low oxygen tension. It’s a _____dimer composed of a constitutively expressed _____ subunit and O2-regulated ____ subunit. In normoxic conditions the ____ subunit is hydroxylated at one or both of two _____ residues, which allows for interfacing with ____, an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that polyubiquitinates the ____ subunit, leading to degradation by the 26S proteosome.

Answer 8

HIF-1alpha Heterodimer Beta Alpha Alpha Proline VHL Alpha