Lecture 40 Flashcards
(22 cards)
Ubiquitination and Proteosome transport of proteins to its core are both ____ dependent processes
Both ATP dependent
_____ is the major enzyme for protein breakdown in the stomach
PEPSIN
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Elastase, and carboxypeptidase are produced as _____ in the ______ and are transported to the small intestine.
ZYMOGENS
PANCREAS
_____ is caused by defective reuptake of _____, _____, _____, and _____ (COAL) at the proximal convoluted tubule in the nephron. ____ precipitates in the acidic urine, leading to calculi (stone formation in the kidneys).
CYSTINURIA
Cystine, Ornithine, Arginie, and Lysine
Cysteine
_____ disorder is characterized by defective _____ absorption, which can show Pellagra-like symtpoms. Keep in mind Pellagra is typically caused by _____ deficiency.
HARTNUP disorder is characterized by defective TRP absorption. Pellagra is typically caused by a NIACIN (B3) deficiency.
Transaminase reactions involve the transfer of the amino group from an AA (keep in mind there is a specific transaminase for EACH AA) to _____. The AA becomes a _____, and the ______ becomes Glutamate.
Transaminase reactions involve the transfer of the amino group from an AA to ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE. The AA becomes a KETO ACID, and the ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE becomes Glutamate.
The conversion of Glutamate to Alpha-ketoglutarate as part of every transamination reaction involves the coenzyme ______ phosphate (PLP), which is a Vit ____ derivative.
PYRIDOXAL phosphate, which is a vit B6 derivative.
Alanine amino transferase and Aspatate amino transferase are in high abundance in the _____. Elevated serum levels could indicate _____ damage.
They are in high abundance in the LIVER. Elevated serum levels could indicate LIVER damage.
When energy levels are ____ in the cell, Glutamate dehydrogenase activity is high, facilitating energy production from carbon skeletons derived from amino acids. Glutamate dehydrogenase converts Glutamate to ___________ to release free _____ in the liver, or it can go in the opposite direction in the tissues.
When energy levels are LOW in the cell, Glutamate dehydrogenase activity is HIGH. Conversion of Glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate releases free NH3+
____ and ____ are the only two strictly ketogenic AAs.
Leucine and Lysine
Asparagine is converted to ______ via asparaginase. _____ goes to Oxaloacetate via ______aminotransferase
ASPARTATE
The AA _____ is a precursor for Dopamine, Epi, and Norepi. It is converted to DOPA by the enzyme _____ _____.
TYROSINE
Tyrosine Hydroxylase
______ disease is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the ______ nigra. Treatment involves systemic ______ administration, though effects wear off after about 5 years.
PARKINSON’S disease is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons. Treatment involves sytemic L-DOPA administration.
alpha-synuclein is a gene that is implicated in Parkinson’s disease, and it leads to _____ cross-linkage and aggregation.
PROTEIN cross-linkage and aggregation.
Tetrahydrobiopterin is an important coenzyme for ______ catalyzed reactions. L-phenylalanine is converted to L-_____ in this way, and L-____ then forms fumarate and acetoacetate.
HYDROXYLASE
L-Tyrosine
L-Tyrosine
Serotonin is synthesized from ____.
Tryptophan
______ is an antidepressant that inhibits Serotonin reuptake.
FLUOXETINE
_____ is a diurnal enzyme that converts Serotonin to _____, which occurs in the Pineal gland.
AANAT converts serotonin to MELATONIN
_____ is synthesized from Glutamate, and is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter.
GABA
Bulging of the small intestine when food enters from the stomach causes endocrine cells to secrete _______ (inhibits gastric motility and stimulates pancreatic+gall bladder secretions) and _____ (stimulates pancreatic secretions).
Cholecystokinin
Secretin
There are two important mechs for transporting ammonia to the liver.
The first uses _____ synthase to combine ammonia with glutamate to form ______ (a nontoxic form of ammonia). This isntransported to the liver where it is cleaved by ______ to produce glutamate and free ammonia).
The second involves the formation of _____ by transamination of pyruvate. ____ can travel to the liver where it reforms pyruvate and can be used to synthesize glucose.
Glutamine synthase
Glutamine
Glutaminase
Alanine
Alanine
Remember that catecholamines (Epi, Norepi, Serotonin, and Dopamine) are metabolized by MAO and _____.
COMT
