Lecture 50 Flashcards
(14 cards)
Cortisol and Aldosterone both are comprised of ____ Carbons. Both are synthesized in the adrenal gland. Cortisol has its effect in the _____, where it upregulates the 4 gluconeogenic enzymes.
21
Liver
Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and Potassium ______ in kidney.
Increases Potassium EXCRETION
Testosterone has ____ carbons, while E2 has one less. Keep in mind both of these androgens are also somewhat produced in the _____ gland, as well as the gonads.
19
Adrenal
Cortisol has OH groups at Carbons ____, ____, and ____ –> Which two are important for gluconeogenic activity?
Cortisol has OH groups at carbons 21, 17, and 11 –> OH at C21 and C17 are important for gluconeo
Aldosterone has OH groups at Carbons 11, 21, and an _____ at C18 (which is distinct from ALL other steroids.)
ALDEHYDE
Testosterone and E2 have OH groups at C__. ____ has a Phenolic A-ring, which helps distinguish it from ____, which has a 4-5 double bond in the A-ring.
C17
E2
TESTOSTERONE
ACTH activates the _____ enzyme, which splits the side chain of Cholesterol to begin synth of Cortisol.
ACTH activates the DESMOLASE enzyme
MSH (melanocyte stimulating Hormone) has the same initial 13 AAs as _____.
ACTH
With adrenal insufficiency, there are decreased levels of Cortisol which leads to LESS _____ feedback inhibition of ACTH production. At very high levels, ACTH can be recognized by MSH receptors leading to skin darkening. This is characteristic of ____ disease.
Decreased cortisol leads to decreased NEGATIVE feedback inhibition of ACTH. This is characteristic of ADDISON’s disease
Steroid hormones are all effective at very ____ concentrations.
Effective at very LOW concentrations
Testosterone and E2 are transported in blood bound to _____ and cortisol is bound to _____.
SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin)
CBG (corticosteroid binding globulin)
The DNA binding domain of steroid hormone receptors recognizes specific ____ elements in the DNA.
RESPONSE
Steroid hormones and their receptors (transcription factors) act together with _____, some of which have histone ______ activity (increase transcription.)
Steroid hormones and their receptors act together with COACTIVATORS, some of which have ACETYLTRANSFERASE activity
Women whose breast cancer tumors are ER+ respond to hormone _____ therapy (ovariectomy in the old days). An example of an antiE2 drug is _____, which blocks E2 from binding its receptor in pre and post-menopausal women. _____ is an aromatase inhibitor (blocks synthesis of E2) and is given only to post-menopausal women.
ER+ respond to hormone ABLATIVE therapy. TAMOXIFEN is an antiE2 drug for pre and post-menopausal women. LETRAZOLE is an aromatase inhibitor given only to post-menopausal women.
