Lecture 29

Question 1

What is the definition of a drug?

Answer 1

any substance that when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.

Question 2

What is pharmacology?

Answer 2

the study of how the function of living systems is affected by chemical agents

Question 3

What is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 3

the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs

Question 4

What is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 4

the study of effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action

Question 5

What is Clinical pharmacology or Pharmacotherapeutics

Answer 5

the study of the use of drugs in the prevention and

treatment of disease.

Question 6

What is toxicology?

Answer 6

the study of adverse effects of drugs

Question 7

Describe how drugs target ion channels?

Answer 7

by altering the conductance of ion channels

Question 8

examples of ion channel altering drugs?

Answer 8

local anesthetics

sedative-hypnotics

antiepileptics

Question 9

G-protein-linked receptors and drugs

Answer 9

60 percent of drugs act upon G-proteins

Question 10

Examples of drugs that use G protein linked receptors

Answer 10

albuterol- asthma (beta-2 agonist)

propranolol- hypertension (beta-anatagonist)

Question 11

Example of enzyme-linked receptors?

Answer 11

receptor tyrosine kinase

Question 12

What receptors are included in enzyme linked?

Answer 12

insulin receptor

epidermal growth factor receptor

Question 13

What is the drug imatinib used for and what does it inhibit?

Answer 13

it is an effective treatment for leukemia

inhibits tyrosine kinase receptor

Question 14

What do nuclear receptors do?

Answer 14

they regulate the expression of genes controlling metabolism and growth

Question 15

What ligands bind to nuclear receptors?

Answer 15

steroid hormones
thyroid hormones
Vit D

Question 16

examples of drugs that inhibit enzymes?

Answer 16

1. aspirin
2. ibuprofen
3. omeprazole

Question 17

What kinds of drugs are used to treat psychiatric disorders?

Answer 17

drugs that interfere with neurotransmitter transporters

Question 18

Example of an anti-cancer drug that binds to tubulin

Answer 18

vinblastine

arrests cells in the metaphase stage

Question 19

What are the two types of dose-response curves?

Answer 19

graded and quantal

Question 20

How is the relationship between drug concentration and effect described on a graph

Answer 20

a hyperbolic curve

Question 21

What does Emax mean?

Answer 21

the maximal response produced by a drug

Question 22

What does EC50 mean?

Answer 22

the drug concentration that produces 50 percent of the maximal effect

Question 23

What is Bmax?

Answer 23

the total concentration of binding sites

Question 24

What is kD?

Answer 24

the equilibrium dissociation constant

occupy half the receptors

receptors affinity for the drug

if kD is low, affinity is high vice versa

Question 25

What is efficacy?

Answer 25

the magnitude of the response a drug produces

Question 26

What is potency?

Answer 26

is a measure of the concentration or amount of drug necessary to produce an effect of a given magnitude

Question 27

What is an agonist?

Answer 27

a drug that binds to and activates a receptor in a way that brings about an effect affinity and efficacy

Question 28

What is an antagonist?

Answer 28

inhibits the action of an agonist but has no effect in the absence of the agonist affinity but no efficacy

Question 29

What is used to determine potency?

Answer 29

EC50

Question 30

What is receptor antagonism?

Answer 30

A receptor antagonist binds to the same receptor to which the agonist binds

Question 31

What is competitive antagonism?

Answer 31

bind to the agonist binding site on the receptor

Question 32

competitive inhibitors can be....

Answer 32

reversible or irreversible

Question 33

noncompetitive anatagonism or allosteric anatagonism

Answer 33

bind to the receptor at a site different from the agonist binding site Emax is decreased

Question 34

What is nonreceptor antagonism?

Answer 34

A nonreceptor antagonist does not bind to the | receptor to which the agonist binds.

Question 35

What is physiological antagonism?

Answer 35

One drug opposes another drug, but through | different receptors

Question 36

What is chemical antagonism?

Answer 36

A chemical antagonist reacts chemically with an | agonist to form an inactive product

Question 37

full agonist?

Answer 37

produces a maximal response

Question 38

partial agonist?

Answer 38

submaximal response

Question 39

Inverse agonists?

Answer 39

reverse constitutive activity of a receptor

Question 40

What is a quantal dose?

Answer 40

response relationship plots the fraction of the population that responds to a given dose of drug as a function of the drug dose

Question 41

What is ED50? | effective dose

Answer 41

the dose at which 50% of individuals exhibit the | specified quantal effect

Question 42

What is TD50?

Answer 42

The dose required to produce a particular toxic | effect in 50% of animals

Question 43

What is LD50?

Answer 43

The dose required to cause death in 50% of | animals

Question 44

What is therapeutic index?

Answer 44

the ratio of TD50, LD50, and ED50 for a therapeutically relevant effect