T/F neanderthals were adapted for the warm
False: they were cold adapted
Where and when did H. Sapiens evolve
- dates and fossils from Jebel Irhound in Morocco suggests our species emerged across Africa.
- Herto, Ethiopia: Homo spains 160 kya
- earliest modern humans in North Africa ~ 300 kya
what is special about mode 4 technologies
- used by H. sapiens
- pressure flaking
- ~75 kya
Diepkloof rock shelter
- long sequence of occupations including pressure flaked stone tools
- shell fragments are engraved with complex symbolic designs
when did modern humans migrate from Africa?
~ 120 kya
what are homo floresiensis
- lived ~100 - 50 kya
- found on island of Flores, Indonesia
- approx. 1.1m tall
- probably island dwarfism (insular populations have low genetic diversity and are more subject to drift)
Lake Mungo, Australia
- some oldest sites in australia are in the southeatern part of the country in lake mungo
- contains hearths and shells dating between 60 - 40 kya
- oldest known human remains are from lake mungo
- australia indg art is the oldest unbroken artistic tradition in the world
white sands, new mexico
- former lake/wetland now closed basin
- mammoth, sloth, canid, felid, etc. tracks perserved in lake mud
- 61 humans identified
what’s different about the upper paleolithic revolution
- mode 4
- more complex toolkits
- specialization in bone tools
- personal ornaments + art
- transport (exchange) of raw material
T/F modern humans encountered earlier species of homo, including H neanderthals
True: they likely interbred with them
Sunghir site
- Russia
- one of the earliest known cemeteries created by modern humans
- 34 - 30 kya
1.) 30 kya, adult male, mammoth ivory beads + arm bands, fox tooth pendants, red ochre, spear point. possibly high social status
2/3.) 30 kya, 2 14 yr/o twin boys, head to head, red ochre filled adult femur, 5k mammoth beads each, fox tooth belt, ivory arm bands, 16 ivory spears
“Il principe”/ the prince - archeological site of Arene Candid, Italy
- 23 kya
- adolescent male
- bed of red ochre
- head surrounded by hundreds of perforated chells and canines of deer, shells , pendants of mammoth ivory
- 4 perforated “batons de commandement” of elk antler against arms
- 23cm blade
what are the 3 main types of upper paleolithic art that’s survived
1.) parietal art (caves)
2.) portable art (figurines)
3.) bone tools with decorative embellishment (symbolic)
T/F oldest unambiguous figurines date to the middle paleolithic
false: from the upper palaeolithic, from 38 kya
the oldest unambiguous __ dates to the upper palaeolithic from about 45 kya
art
cave of lascaux
- 15 - 17 kya
- art depictions
- cave sealed for perhaps 15 kya
- discovered by chance in southwestern france in 1940
- cave contains most important collection of upper paleolithic art in the world
- the cave was not inhabited, only briefly visited by artists
- paintings are exclusively animals
- light and some form of scaffolding would have been needed to paint the caves
emic vs etic interpretation of cave art
EMIC
- sympathetic magic
- shamanistic rituals
- initiation rites
ETIC
- structure and context
- information
- process and function -
what are dysphoric rituals
rearrange memory and experience and overwhelm our capacities to reckon
can result in a phenomenon that has been called “identity fusion” when members of a group identify as one another
what is shaman
part-time religious practitioner who interacts with spirits on behalf a community/individual
shamanism = term used to describe the practices that involve healing, magic, divination, consciousness and harming.
