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BIOL1030 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is bilateral symmetry?

A

-2 sided symmetry (right + left sides) (2 planes)

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2
Q

is bilateral symmetry an ancestral or derived characteristic?

A

-derived characteristic

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3
Q

how do you refer to top and bottom sides?

A

-dorsal (top)
-ventral (bottom)

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4
Q

how do you refer to front and back sides?

A

-anterior (front)
-posterior (back)

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5
Q

what is cephalization?

A

-development of a head region where sensory cells begin to concentrate at the anterior end

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6
Q

how are sensory cells distributed in radial symmetrical animals? are they cephalized? how do these animals move?

A

-networks of individual neurons
-scattered + evenly distributed
-not cephalized
-immobile/weakly swim (drifting)

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7
Q

how are sensory cells distributed in bilateral symmetrical animals? are they cephalized? how do these animals move?

A

-clustering of neurons (ganglia)
-concentrated in specific areas (head/anterior)
-considered cephalized
-active movement due to concentration

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8
Q

what does cephalization build?

A

-the central nervous system

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9
Q

what is the purpose/advantages of the central nervous system?

A

-complex integration (info processing)
-complex behaviour

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10
Q

what is segmentation?

A

-the division of an organism’s body plan into identical repeating body units

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11
Q

what type of symmetry is segmentation typically found?

A

-bilateral

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12
Q

is segmentation an ancestral or derived character?

A

-derived character

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13
Q

what type of evolution does segmentation come from?

A

-convergent evolution

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14
Q

in which of the 10 main phyla is segmentation present?

A

-chordata
-annelida
-arthropoda

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15
Q

what type of gut evolution is an ancestral character?

A

-gastrovascular cavity in the Cnidarians

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16
Q

what type of gut evolution is a derived character?

A

-complete gut (mouth + anus)

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17
Q

what does gut evolution depend on? how many possibilites are there?

A

-the fate of the blastopore
-2 possibilities

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18
Q

what are the 2 possibilities of gut evolution?

A

-mouth forms first, anus forms later
-anus forms first, mouth forms later

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19
Q

what is an organism whose mouth forms first called? what is an example?

A

-protostome (protostomia clade)
-ex: snail

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20
Q

what is an organism whose mouth forms later called? what is an example?

A

-deuterostome (deuterostomia clade)
-ex: echinoderms + chordates

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21
Q

what are the key features of the echinoderm phylum?

A

-water vascular system
-tube feet
-ampulla

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22
Q

what makes up the water vascular system? what is it used for?

A

-hydraulic canals
-locomotion

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23
Q

what is the purpose of tube feet?

A

-locomotion
-sensing

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24
Q

what are ampulla?

A

-small bulbs on the end of tube feet

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25
how does the ampulla enable movement?
-water pressure
26
what are the 2 forms of echinoderms?
-larvae and adult forms
27
what type of symmetry is present in larval echinoderms?
-bilateral
28
what type of symmetry is present in adult echinoderms?
-radial symmetry in multiples of 5
29
what are examples of adult echinoderms that have pentaradial symmetry (5 planes)
-sea stars -sea urchins
30
what symmetry clade would we place echinoderms under?
-bilateria (despite radial symmetry in adult forms)
31
what are examples of organisms in the echinoderm phylum?
-sea stars -sea urchins -sand dollars -sea cucumbers
32
what are the key features of the chordata phylum?
-bilaterians -deuterostomes -notochord -dorsal hollow nerve cord -pharyngeal gill arches/slits -post-anal tail -contains 3 major clades
33
what is the notochord's purpose?
-provide strength + support -adds flexibility (made of cartilage)
34
what does the dorsal hollow nerve cord develop into?
-the central nervous system
35
what do the pharyngeal gill arches/slits allow for? what can they develop into?
-water movement -lungs
36
what is filtered out by the pharyngeal gill arches/slits? what does this make them?
-food particles -suspension feeding device
37
what is contained within the post-anal tail?
-skeletal elements -muscles
38
what feature of the chordates is typically reduced during embryonic development?
-post-anal tail
39
what are the 3 major clades found within the chordates?
-cephalochordata (lancelets) -urochordata (tunicates) -vertebrata
40
what are the key aspects of the cephalochordata clade?
-also called 'lancelets' -maintain chordate characteristics through entire lifespan -most basal group for the living chordates -outgroup for all chordates
41
what are the key aspects of the urochordata clade?
-also called 'tunicates' -loses chordate characteristics after larvae stage -undergoes metamorphosis -cilia captures food particles -water exits through the ex-current siphon
42
what features are lost in the urochordata?
-dorsal hollow nerve cord -notochord -post-anal tail
43
why is the dorsal hollow nerve cord lost?
-reduced to ganglion
44
why is the post-anal tail lost?
-does not need to swim after larvae stage
45
what are the key aspects of the vertebrata clade?
-animals with vertebrae and a skull -skeletal + nervous systems present
46
what are the derived characters within the vertebrata clade?
-vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord -elaborate skull -fin rays in aquatic forms
47
what are the basal vertebrates?
-jawless fish -hagfish + lampreys
48
what are the key aspects of hagfish?
-bottom dwelling (floor) scavengers -skull is made of cartilage -notochord is kept within the adult stage -produce slime for speed (defense mechanism)
49
what are the key aspects of lampreys?
-most are parasitic -skeleton is made of cartilage -clamp their mouth onto live fish
50
what are jaws suspected to have evolved from?
-skeletal support rods of the pharyngeal slits -the rods fuse together -these modified rods are stronger + provide a larger opening
51
what is the importance of having a larger mouth opening?
-can catch larger prey
52
where did the evolution of jaws present itself?
-in the gnathostoma clade -ex: sharks, ray finned fishes, lobe finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
53
where did the evolution of lungs and bone begin?
-the osteichyan clade
54
how did ray-finned fishes develop? what are some examples?
-bony fins -flexible rays modified for maneuvering + defense -ex: trout, salmon, cod, and seahorses
55
what do lobe-finned fishes have? what are some examples?
-muscle on their fins -ex: lungfishes and tetrapods
56
where did limbs likely develop from?
-tetrapod organisms in the gnathostoma clade -amphibians
57
how did limbs likely develop? what are features of these organism?
-fins replaced with limbs -head is separated with a neck -pelvis bones are fused to the backbone
58
what are tetrapods?
-gnathostoma organisms with 4 limbs
59
do adult tetrapods have gills?
-NO
60
what are examples of amphibians that have limbs?
-salamanders -frogs
61
what are key aspects of salamanders?
-either fully aquatic or can live on land -external fertilization -often retain juvenile characteristics as adults
62
what are key aspects of frogs?
-mostly on land (have an aquatic larval stage with gills) -variety of adaptations (to avoid predation)
63
where did the amnion develop?
-the amniota clade -ex: reptiles, birds, and some mammals
64
is the amnion (amniotic egg) a derived or ancestral character?
-derived character
65
what are the parts of the amniotic egg?
-4 extra embryonic membranes -amnion -chorion -yolk sac -allantois
66
what is the purpose of the amnion?
-shock absorber
67
what is the purpose of the chorion?
-gas exchange
68
what is the purpose of the yolk sac?
-provide nutrients
69
what is the purpose of the allantois?
-waste storage
70
what are the advantages of having the 4 extra embryonic membranes?
-eggs can be laid on land -does not require water
71
where did the evolution of milk production and hair develop?
-mammalia -3 clades within
72
what is the purpose of producing milk?
-used by mothers to nourish babies
73
what is the purpose of having hair?
-hair helps to retain heat
74
what are the 3 clades within the mammalia?
-monotremata -marsupials -eutherials
75
what is an example of an organism within the monotremata clade? what do they do?
-ex: platypus -lay eggs
76
what is an example of an organism within the marsupial clade? what is a key feature of them?
-ex: kangaroo -babies are underdeveloped -short gestation (time in womb)
77
what is an example of an organism within the eutherials clade? what is a key feature of them?
-ex: elephants or humans -better development -longer gestation (time in womb)

BIOL1030 (11 decks)

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