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BIOL1030 > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

what do endocrine glands respond to?

A

-diverse stimuli
-stimuli regulating homeostasis, development, and behaviour

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2
Q

what commonly occurs within endocrine systems?

A

-feedback regulation
-coordination with the nervous system

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3
Q

what do hormones and signalling molecules bind to? what does this trigger?

A

-bind to target receptors on target cells
-triggers specific response pathways

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4
Q

where are an animals hormones secreted? where will they go?

A

-into the circulatory system (blood)
-can go to all parts of the body, but will only go to the target cell that has the hormone receptor

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5
Q

what type of signals are hormones?

A

-chemical signals

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6
Q

what will hormones communicate?

A

-regulatory messages within the body

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7
Q

what two systems coordinate communication throughout the body?

A

-endocrine system
-nervous system

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8
Q

what is the role of the endocrine system?

A

-to secrete hormones that coordinate slower but longer-acting responses
-present in everyone

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9
Q

what areas/systems does the endocrine system cover?

A

-reproduction
-development
-energy metabolism
-growth
-behaviour

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10
Q

what is the role of the nervous system?

A

-convey high-speed electrical signals along neurons through specific pathways
-unique to the individual
-signals regulate other cells (neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells)

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11
Q

how do animals use chemical signals?

A

-to communicate in diverse ways
-endocrine signalling is one of several ways animals cells transmit information between cells

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12
Q

how are the ways signals are transmitted between animal cells classified?

A

-type of secreting cell
-route taken to reach its target cell

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13
Q

what are the 3 types of signalling?

A

-endocrine signalling
-paracrine signalling
-autocrine signalling

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14
Q

what is endocrine signalling? what does it maintain, mediate, and regulate?

A

-when hormones are secreted into extracellular fluids by endocrine cells
-get to their targets via the bloodstream
-maintains homeostasis, mediates stimuli response, and regulates growth + development

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15
Q

what is paracrine signalling?

A

-target cells are near the secreting cells
-different types of cells
-target cell is typically a muscle cell

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16
Q

what is autocrine signalling?

A

-when the target cell is also the secreting cell
-neuron is typically the cell involved

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17
Q

what are synapses?

A

-specialized junctions with the target cells
-neuron + target cell typically

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18
Q

what occurs in synaptic signalling? what is it typically involving?

A

-neurons will secrete neurotransmitters to diffuse a short distance and bind to the target cell receptors
-neuron directly to cell
-involving cognition, movement, memory, and sensation

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19
Q

what occurs in neuroendocrine signalling?

A

-specialized neurosecretory cells secrete neurohormones
-travel to target cells via the bloodstream
-‘neuron’ to bloodstream

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20
Q

what is an example of a common neurohormone?

A

-antidiuretic hormone

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21
Q

what are pheremones?

A

-chemicals released into the environment
-a way of animal species communication

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22
Q

what are the main functions of pheromones?

A

-marking trails leading to food
-defining territories
-warning of predators
-attracting potential mates

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23
Q

what are the 3 major classes of hormones in vertebrates?

A

-polypeptides (proteins + peptides)
-amines (derived from amino acids)
-steroid hormones

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24
Q

what is an important property for the function of the classes of hormones?

A

-their solubility properties
-water soluble vs lipid soluble
-correlates with the location of receptors (inside or on the surface of target cells)

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25
what are lipid soluble hormones?
-steroid hormones -pass easily through cell membranes
26
what are water soluble hormones?
-polypeptides + amines -do not pass easily through cell membranes
27
what are local regulators?
-molecules that act over short distances -reach target cells by diffusion
28
how are gases able to act as local signallers?
-small size + lack of charge allows them to diffuse freely -cannot travel far b/c they are highly reactive
29
what is an example of gaseous local regulator?
-nitric oxide (NO) -functions as a local regulator + neurotransmitter -help with blood flow
30
what are the most familiar hormones?
-proteins encoded by genes -insulin and growth factors
31
what are the key aspects of insulin?
-produced as long inactive cleaved prohormone polypeptide -stored in beta cells
32
how is insulin secreted and what is it needed for?
-secreted via vesicular trafficking -needed to reduce blood glucose levels
33
what do growth factors regulate?
-the cell cycle
34
what are amide hormones? what are examples?
-signalling factors produced from amino acids -GABA (neuronal signalling factor) (made from glutamate) -epinephrine (made from tyrosine) -thyroxine (thyroid hormone) (made from tryptophan)
35
what is the pathway of a water soluble hormone?
-secreted by exocytosis -travel freely in the bloodstream -bind to cell-surface receptors
36
what is the pathway of a lipid soluble hormone?
-travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins -diffuse through the cell membrane of target cells -bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus
37
what is the pathway of the water soluble hormone epinephrine?
-released by the adrenal gland -binds to membrane surface receptors on liver cells -release of messenger molecules to activate enzymes is triggered -one cell response is the activation of an enzyme to break down glycogen -results in the release of glucose to the bloodstream
37
what happens when a hormone binds to its receptor?
-signal transduction pathway is initiated -responses in the cytoskeleton, enzyme activation, or a gene expression change occurs as a result
37
what is the typical response for a lipid soluble hormone? what is its pathway?
-response is usually a change in gene expression -binds to its cytosolic receptor -hormone-receptor complex moves into the nucleus -once in the nucleus the receptor part acts a transcription factor -regulates the transcription of specific target genes
38
what causes the same hormone to have different effects on target cells?
-different receptors for the hormone -different signal transduction pathways
39
what is an example of a hormone that demonstrates different effects?
-epinephrine -increases blood flow to major skeletal muscles -decreases blood flow to the digestive tract (part of sympathetic nervous system)
40
what does the thyroid hormone regulate in vertebrates? what is its role in frogs?
-regulates metabolism -controls metamorphosis of the larva frog into the adult frog
41
what are endocrine glands?
-groups of endocrine cells -ductless -secrete hormones directly into the surrounding fluid -ex: thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, testes, ovaries
42
what are exocrine glands?
-glands that have ducts to carry secreted substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities -ex: salivary glands
43
what are hormones assembled into?
-regulatory pathways
44
what is an example of a simple hormone pathway?
-acidic stomach contents being released into the duodenum -stimulates endocrine cells to secrete secretin -causes target cells in the pancreas to raise the pH in the duodenum
45
what occurs in a simple neuroendocrine pathway?
-stimulus is received by a sensory neuron -stimulates a neurosecretory cell to secrete a neurohormone -neurohormone enters the bloodstream and travels to target cells
46
what is an example of a simple neuroendocrine pathway?
-suckling by an infant sends a stimulus that reaches the hypothalamus -nerve impulses from the hypothalamus trigger the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary -causes mammary glands to secrete more milk -positive feedback system
47
what role do endocrine cells play in terms of integrating systems?
-they integrate function of the endocrine system with the function of the nervous system
48
what combination of hormones and their functions control the molting and development in insects?
-prothoracicotropic hormone (produced in the brain, stimulates release of ecdysteroid from prothoracic gland) -juvenile hormone (retains larval characteristics) -ecdysone (promotes moulting when juvenile hormone is present, promotes development of adult characteristics when juvenile hormone is absent)
49
what is the role of the hypothalamus?
-central role in integrating both the endocrine and nervous system -receives info and initiates responses through endocrine signalling
50
what is attached to the hypothalamus?
-pituitary gland -made up of the anterior and posterior pituitary portions
51
what is the role of the posterior pituitary?
-stores and secretes hormones made in the hypothalamus -hypothalamic axons reach into the PPG will secrete neurohormones synthesized from the hypothalamus
52
what is the role of the anterior pituitary?
-makes and releases hormones under the regulation of the hypothalamus
53
what two hormones released from the posterior pituitary will act directly on non endocrine tissues?
-oxytocin (regulates milk secretion by mammary glands) -antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (regulates physiology and behaviour)
54
how is hormone production controlled in the anterior pituitary?
-by the releasing + inhibiting hormones secreted from the hypothalamus
55
how do anterior pituitary hormones act?
-as tropic hormones -regulate the function of other endocrine cells or glands
56
what anterior pituitary hormone has a role in milk production? how is it released
-prolactin -prolactin-releaseing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the secretion of prolactin
57
what happens when thyroid hormone levels drop in the blood?
-hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone -anterior pituitary secretes thyroid stimulating hormone -TSH stimulates the release of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland -negative feedback
58
what hormone regulates many functions in humans and other mammals?
-thyroid hormone
59
what is hypothyroidism?
-too little thyroid function -lead to symptoms like weight gain, fatigue, cold intolerance
60
what is hyperthyroidism?
-excessive production of thyroid hormone -lead to symptoms like high temperature, sweating, weight loss, irritability, high blood pressure
61
how does malnutrition affect thyroid function?
-deficiencies (ex: iodine deficiency) can create a result of hypothyroidism -disrupts the negative feedback loop
62
what is growth hormone and what are its effects?
-hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland -has tropic, nontropic, and diverse metabolic effects -promotes growth directly -stimulates growth factor production
63
what is caused by a lack of growth hormone? what about an excess?
-lack = dwarfism -excess=gigantism
64
what ion concentration is critical in the circulatory system?
-calcium
65
what are the 2 hormones that will regulate the homeostasis of blood calcium?
-parathyroid hormone (released by parathyroid glands) -calcitonin (released by thyroid gland)
66
how does parathyroid hormone regulate blood calcium?
-increases blood calcium levels -releases calcium from bone and stimulates reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys -indirectly stimulates kidney to activate vitamin D
67
how does vitamin D help to increase blood calcium?
-promotes intestinal uptake of calcium from food
68
how does calcitonin regulate blood calcium?
-decreases the level of blood calcium -stimulates calcium deposition in bone and the secretion of calcium in the kidneys
69
what are the glands located within the adrenal glands?
-adrenal medulla (inner) -adrenal cortex (outer)
70
what hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla? why are they secreted?
-epinephrine (adrenaline) -norepinephrine (noradrenaline) -in response to involuntary stress-activated impulses from the nervous system (mediate fight or flight)
71
what class of compounds are the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine apart of?
-catecholamines
72
what do epinephrine and norepinephrine do within the body?
-trigger the release of glucose and fatty acids into the blood -increase oxygen delivery to body cells -direct blood toward the heart, brain and skeletal system -direct blood away from the skin, digestive system, and kidneys
73
what type of stress response is created by the adrenal medulla?
-short term
74
what type of stress response is created by the adrenal cortex?
-long term
75
what family of hormones is released by the adrenal cortex? how are they triggered?
-corticosteroids -by a hormone cascade pathway via the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
76
what 2 types of corticosteroids are produced by humans?
-glucocorticoids -mineralocorticoids
76
what do glucocorticoids influence? what is an example?
-influence glucose metabolism and the immune system -ex: cortisol
77
what do mineralocorticoids affect? what is an example?
-affect salt and water balance -ex: aldosterone
78
what does the adrenal cortex produce in small amounts?
-steroid hormones that function as sex hormones
79
what organs/glands produce most of the sex hormones?
-gonads (testes + ovaries)
80
what are the 3 sex hormones found in both males and females?
-androgens -estrogens -progestins -found in significantly different proportions for males and females
81
what do sex hormones affect?
-growth -development (formation of reproductive structures) -reproductive cycles -sexual behaviour
82
which gland/organ primarily synthesizes androgens? what is an example of one?
-testes -mainly testosterone
83
what are testosterones purposes?
-stimulate development and maintenance of the male reproductive system -increase muscle + bone mass
84
what can testosterone be taken as a supplement for?
-muscle growth
85
what are estrogens purposes? what is the main kind?
-main kind = estradiol -maintenance of the female reproductive system -development of female secondary sex characteristics
86
what are progestins purposes? what is main kind?
-main kind = progesterone -preparing + maintaining the uterus for embryo growth and development
87
what controls the synthesis of sex hormones?
-hormones of the anterior pituitary
88
what secretes melatonin? what controls the release of it?
-pineal gland, located in the brain -light + dark cycles control the release and a group of neurons in the hypothalamus
89
what is the name of the group of neurons that control the release of melatonin?
-the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
90
what do the primary functions of melatonin relate to?
-biological rhythms associated with reproduction -daily activity levels

BIOL1030 (11 decks)

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