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BIOL1030 > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

how does exchange occur within unicellular organisms?

A

-directly with the environment

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2
Q

how does exchange occur within multicellular organisms?

A

-not direct with the environment
-done with specialized systems (ex: gills)

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3
Q

How does exchange work within small or thin animals?

A

-exchange materials directly with the surrounding medium (diffusion)

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4
Q

how does exchange work within more complex/larger animals?

A

-internal transport systems that connect organs with the bodies cells
-circulate with fluid (diffusion is too slow)

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5
Q

how does internal transport work with the gastrovascular cavities of simple animals such as cnidarians?

A

-the body wall enclosing the cavity is only 2 cells thick
-the cavity functions in digestion + distribution of substances
-some will have more elaborate cavities

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6
Q

how do internal circulatory systems work?

A

-gases transported between respiratory surfaces + deep tissues
-nutrients get taken up + distributed by the digestive tract
-allow for cell-cell communication through hormones

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7
Q

what is common to both open + closed circulatory systems?

A

-circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph)
-a set of tubes (blood vessels)
-a muscular pump (heart)

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8
Q

how does the heart push fluid through the circuit?

A

-uses metabolic energy to generate a pressure that forces fluid through the circuit

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9
Q

what animals have an open circulatory system?

A

-insects
-other arthropods
-most molluscs

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10
Q

what are the key aspects of an open circulatory system?

A

-blood bathes the organs directly
-no distinction between blood + interstitial fluid
-lower pressure needed

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11
Q

what is fluid in an open circulatory system referred to as?

A

-hemolymph

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12
Q

what animals have a closed circulatory system?

A

-annelids
-cephalopods
-vertebrates

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13
Q

what are the key aspects of a closed circulatory system?

A

-blood is confined to vessels
-blood is distinct from interstitial fluid
-higher pressure

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14
Q

which circulatory system is more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to tissues + cells?

A

-closed circulatory system

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15
Q

how does chemical exchange occur within a closed circulatory system?

A

-blood > interstitial fluid > body cells

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16
Q

what can help deliver oxygen + nutrients more effectively in larger and more active animals?

A

-higher blood pressure

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17
Q

what are the 3 main types of blood vessels?

A

-arteries (smaller arteries called arterioles)
-capillaries
-veins (smaller veins called venules)

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18
Q

in which direction do arteries move?

A

-away from the heart towards the capillaries

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19
Q

what is key about capillaries?

A

-exchange with body cells
-have thin + porous walls to do so

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20
Q

what direction do veins move in?

A

-from capillaries towards the heart

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21
Q

what are capillary beds?

A

-networks of capillaries
-sites of chemical exchange between blood + interstitial fluid

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22
Q

what is the purpose of the atria?

A

-to receive blood

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23
Q

what is the purpose of the ventricles?

A

-to pump blood out

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24
Q

how many chambers do vertebrae hearts contain?

A

-2 or more

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25
what animals have a single circulation system?
-bony fishes -rays -sharks
26
what does a single circulation system consist of?
-2 chambered heart -1 atrium + 1 ventricle
27
what is the pathway through a single circulatory system?
-ventricle > arteries -diffusion of oxygen into the blood from gills -carbon dioxide diffuse out of the blood -blood travels from gills to the rest of the body before returning to the heart
28
what are the disadvantages of a single circulation system?
-efficiency is low due to pressure dropping as blood passes through the gill capillaries -heart must rely on deoxygenated blood for its metabolic needs
29
what is an advantage of a single circulation system?
-low metabolic demands
30
what animals have a double circulation system?
-amphibians -reptiles -mammals
31
what does it mean to have a double circulation system?
-oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart
32
what type of circuit does oxygen poor blood typically follow?
-pulmonary circuit to get oxygen from the lungs
33
what is the circuit for oxygen poor blood called in amphibians?
-pulmocutaneous circuit to get oxygen from the lungs and skin
34
what type of circuit does oxygen rich blood deliver oxygen through?
-the systemic circuit
35
what does a double circulation maintain?
-a higher blood pressure in the organs
36
what animals have a 3 chambered heart with 2 atria and 1 ventricle?
-amphibians -reptiles
37
how does the ventricle of an amphibian split blood between circuits?
-pumps blood into a forked artery that splits the outputs between the two circuits
38
what is key about an amphibians circulatory system underwater?
-blood flow to the lungs is nearly shut off
39
how does the ventricle of a reptile split blood between circuits?
-ventricle is divided by a septum to partially or fully divide the ventricle
40
how many chambers is a mammals/birds heart?
-4 chambers with 2 atria and 2 ventricles
41
where does the blood from the left side of the heart go? what type of blood is this?
-to the body -oxygen rich blood
42
where does the blood from the right side of the heart go? what type of blood is this?
-to the lungs -oxygen poor blood
43
do endotherms or ectotherms require more oxygen?
-endotherms
44
what is the purpose of gas exchange?
-to supply oxygen for cellular respiration -dispose of carbon dioxide
45
what is partial pressure?
-the pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture of gases -gases (O2 + CO2) will diffuse from a region with high partial pressure to a region with low partial pressure
46
does air or water breathing require greater efficiency?
-water breathing -less O2 content -greater density -higher viscosity
47
what do animals require of their respiratory surfaces?
-need to be large + thin + moist
48
what is the respiratory medium?
-either air or water -where O2 is gained
49
how does gas exchange take place across respiratory surfaces?
-diffusion
50
what counts as a respiratory surface?
-lungs -gills -skin -tracheae
51
how do gills perform gas exchange?
-often have a greater total surface area than the bodys exterior -ventilation aids in movement (moving through water) -countercurrent exchange system (blood + water flow oppositely)
52
how does the tracheal system of insects work?
-consists of tiny branching tubes that penetrate the body -tracheal tubes supply O2 and remove CO2 directly -respiratory + circulatory systems are separate
53
how must larger insects ventilate their tracheal system?
-rhythmic body movements
54
what correlates with the size and complexity of an animals lungs?
-their metabolic rate
55
what is the big difference between the tracheal system and a system involving lungs?
-lungs are localized
56
where are the lungs located?
-in the thoracic cavity
57
what is the pathway of air in a mammalian respiratory system?
-nostrils > pharynx > larynx > trachea > 2 bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli
58
what occurs at the pharynx?
-paths for air and food cross
59
what occurs at the alveoli?
-site of gas exchange
60
what are the alveoli?
-air sacks clustered at the tips of the smallest bronchioles -wrapped in capillaries for gas exchange
61
what is positive pressure breathing? which animals use it to ventilate?
-forces air down the trachea -amphibians
62
what is negative pressure breathing? which animals use it to ventilate?
-pulls air into the lungs (inhalation) by varying the volume + pressure -reduces air pressure in the lungs -lung volume increases (ribs + diaphragm contract)
63
what is tidal volume and residual volume?
-tidal = volume of air inhaled -residual volume = volume of air after exhalation
64
how do birds breathe?
-8 or 9 air sacs that keep air flowing through the lungs -air passes the lungs in only one direction -every exhalation renews the air in the lungs
65
what are the 2 main breathing control centers in humans?
-medulla oblongata -pons
66
what does the medulla oblongata regulate?
-the rate + depth of breathing -in response to pH changes (CO2 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid) -does so to match metabolic demands
67
what does the pons regulate?
-the tempo of breathing
68
what prevents the lungs from overexpanding?
-negative feedback mechanism -sensors during inhalation detect stretching of the lung tissue -will send nerve impulses to the medulla to stop further inhalation
69
what is used as a secondary control over breathing? what is this important for?
-sensors in the aorta and carotid arteries monitor O2 + CO2 concentrations in blood -important for modulating breathing in response to changes in oxygen levels
70
what are the partial pressures of blood arriving in the lungs relative to the air in the alveoli?
-low partial pressure of O2 -high partial pressure of CO2 -O2 from air goes to blood -CO2 from blood goes to air
71
what do the partial pressure gradients favour in tissue capillaries?
-favour diffusion of O2 into the interstitial fluids and CO2 into blood
72
what are respiratory pigments?
-proteins that transport oxygen -increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry
73
what respiratory pigment do arthropods use?
-hemocyanin with copper as the oxygen binding component
74
what respiratory pigment do vertebrates and some invertebrates use?
-hemoglobin
75
where is hemoglobin contained within vertebrates?
-erythrocytes (RBC)
76
how many O2 molecules can a single hemoglobin molecule carry?
-4 -one per iron containing heme group
77
what can be shown in hemoglobin dissociation curves?
-a small change in the partial pressure of oxygen can result in a large change in the delivery of O2
78
what is the bohr shift?
-when CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers the blood pH and decreases O2's affinity for hemoglobin
79
how does hemoglobin help in CO2 transportation?
-some CO2 from respiring cells will diffuse into the blood and be transported -they will bind to the hemoglobin as is or be transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) -the partial pressures in the lungs will favour diffusion of CO2 out of blood
80
what adaptions atre present in diving mammals such as seals?
-high blood to body volume ratio -stockpile O2 + deplete it slowly -store oxygen in their muscles in myoglobin proteins
81
what are the 3 ways diving mammals can conserve oxygen?
-change their buoyancy to glide passively -decrease blood supply to muscles -derive ATP in muscles from fermentation once oxygen is depleted

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