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BIOL1030 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 processes of animal nutrition?

A

-ingestion
-digestion
-absorption

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2
Q

what are the 3 main types of feeding strategies?

A

-herbivores
-carnivores
-omnivores

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3
Q

what are herbivores?

A

-animals that eat mainly autotrophs (plants + algae)

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4
Q

what are carnivores?

A

-animals that eat other animals

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5
Q

what are omnivores?

A

-animals that regularly consume animals as well as plants or algae

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6
Q

what is another type of feeder? what do they feed on?

A

-opportunistic feeder
-eat foods outside their standard diet when not available

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7
Q

what is an unavoidable supplement in an animals diet?

A

-microorganisms

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8
Q

what does an animals diet provide? what happens to this and what is it used for?

A

-provides chemical energy that is converted to ATP
-powers body processes

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9
Q

what must animals have a source of in order to construct organic molecules?

A

-organic carbon
-organic nitrogen

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10
Q

what is required by animals cells?

A

-essential nutrients

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11
Q

what are essential nutrients? where are they obtained?

A

-molecules that an animal cannot produce
-must be obtained from dietary sources

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12
Q

what are the 4 classes of essential nutrients?

A

-essential amino acids
-essential fatty acids
-vitamins
-minerals

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13
Q

how many amino acids do animals require? how many can they synthesize from molecules in their diet?

A

-require 20
-can synthesize about half

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14
Q

how do animals synthesize some amino acids?

A

-using enzymes
-also need sulphur and organic nitrogen from their diet

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15
Q

what is malnutrition?

A

-protein deficiency
-a diet that provides insufficient essential amino acids

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16
Q

what will provide all essential amino acids? what type of proteins are these?

A

-meat, eggs, and cheese
-complete proteins

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17
Q

how do herbivores recieve their essential amino acids? what type of proteins are these?

A

-specific plant protein combinations
-incomplete proteins

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18
Q

can animals synthesize any fatty acids on their own? what are the ones they cannot synthesize? why can’t they?

A

-YES, can synthesize most of them
-cannot synthesize certain unsaturated fatty acids
-cannot make the specific double bonds for them

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19
Q

are the non-essential fatty acids as important as the essential ones?

A

-YES
-used to build cells

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20
Q

is it possible to have deficiencies in fatty acids?

A

-yes but it is rare

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21
Q

what are vitamins? what are their features?

A

-organic molecules required in the diet in small amounts
-have diverse functions
-many function as coenzymes

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22
Q

what are coenzymes? what vitamins typically function as them?

A

-required by enzymes for the catalysis of a chemical reaction
-B vitamins

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23
Q

how many vitamins are essential to humans?

A

-13

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24
Q

what are the 2 categories of vitamins?

A

-fat soluble
-water soluble

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25
what category of vitamins can be toxic in excess?
-fat soluble
26
what vitamin varies in its need? why does it vary?
-vitamin D -can be synthesized
27
what are minerals? what are their features?
-simple inorganic nutrients -typically required in small amounts, but depends on the organism -excess can affect homeostasis -variety of functions -function as an enzymes cofactors (nonprotein helper molecules)
28
what is undernourishment?
-the result of a diet that consistently supplies less chemical energy than the body requires
29
what will an undernourished individuals body do?
-use up stored fat and carbohydrates -break down its own proteins -lose muscle mass -suffer protein deficiency of the brain -die or suffer irreversible damage
30
what is malnourishment?
-the long term absence of one or more essential nutrients from the diet
31
what can malnourishment cause? how can it be corrected?
-cause deformities, disease, and death -can be corrected by dietary changes
32
what is epidemiology?
-the study of human health and disease in populations -gives insights into human nutrition
33
what has been found to stem from a deficiency of folic acid in pregnant mothers?
-neural tube defects
34
how do digestive systems of vertebrates differ among eachother?
-have variations based on a common plan (variations often are related to diet) -dentition (their assortment of teeth) -stomach + intestinal adaptations
35
what type of variation is an animals dentition?
-structural variation reflected on their diet
36
what are examples of animals variations in dentition?
-mammals have varying specialized dentition adapted to their usual diet -poisonous snakes teeth are modified to fangs for injecting venom and they can unhinge their jaws to swallow prey whole
37
how are vertebrates digestive system length and diet correlated?
-herbivores + omnivores have longer alimentary canals b/c vegetation takes longer to digest
38
why does vegetation take longer to digest?
-cell walls are present (takes more time and energy to break)
39
how are stomachs of carnivores different?
-they have large expandable stomachs b/c they may go a long time between meals
40
what is found within the human digestive system (and other animals)
-many bacteria to help produce nutrients -diverse gut microbiome
41
what is a gut microbiome? what is its purpose?
-collection of bacteria -help with chemical breakdown to produce vitamins -regulate development of epithelium -immune system function -can be analyzed and used in diagnostics
42
what is present in many herbivores to help break down cellulose into simple sugars?
-fermentation chambers -symbiotic (living within) microorganisms digest the cellulose into simple sugars
43
what is coprophagy?
-animals that eat their own feces
44
where is mutualistic bacteria present in rabbits and some rodents? how do they respond to this?
-live in the large intestine + cecum -most nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine, but nutrients made by bacteria are lost -feed on feces to pass it through the alimentary canal a second time
45
where is mutualistic bacteria located in most other animals?
-cecum
46
where have the most elaborate adaptations for herbivores evolved? what is this adaptation?
-in ruminants -multiple stomach chambers
47
what are ruminants?
-cud-chewing animals -ex: sheep + cattle
48
how do giant tube worms receive nutrients? why do they receive them this way?
-obtain nutrients solely from mutualistic bacteria -have no mouth or digestive system
49
what are the 4 basic phases of urine formation?
-input in the renal artery -glomerulus filtration in the bowman's capsule -tubular reabsorption and secretion in the renal tubule -water conservation in the collecting duct
50
what is the first step to urine formation?
-filtrate is formed when fluid passes from the bloodstream to the lumen of the bowman's capsule (glomerulus) -bowman's capsule capillaries are permeable to water and small solutes
51
what occurs in the proximal tubule during the second step to urine formation?
-reabsorption of ions, water, and nutrients occurs in the proximal tubule -molecules transport actively and passively from filtrate -> interstitial fluid -> capillaries -some metabolic waste is secreted into filtrate
52
does filtrate volume increase or decrease once it finishes in the proximal tubule?
-decreases
53
what does the proximal tubule help maintain?
-body fluid pH
54
what occurs in the descending loop of henle during the second step to urine formation?
-water reabsorption continues through aquaporin protein channels
55
what is the movement driven by in the descending loop of henle?
-high osmolarity of the interstitial fluid (hyperosmotic to the filtrate) causing water to move back -will gain more osmolarity as it dips into the medulla
56
what happens to the filtrate in the descending loop of henle?
-becomes more concentrated due to the loss of water
57
what is a feature of the ascending loop of henle that is critical to its function?
-salt but not water can diffuse from the tubule to the interstitial fluid
58
what happens to the filtrate in the ascending loop of henle?
-filtrate becomes more dilute (active transport within its thicker section)
59
what occurs in the distal tubule? what does this contribute to?
-K+ and NaCl concentrations of body fluids are regulated -contributes to the pH regulation
60
what happens in the third step of urine formation?
-the collecting duct carries filtrate through the medulla to the renal pelvis -water is lost + some salt + some urea -filtrate is more concentrated -urine is hyperosmotic to body fluids
61
what determines urine concentration?
-hormonal control of the permeability and transport of ions and water
62
what is a key terrestrial adaptation in terms of urine formation?
-the ability of a mammalian kidney to conserve water -urine is much more concentrated than blood -4x in humans and 25x in australian hopping mice
63
what is cooperative action?
-active transport of solutes against concentration gradients
64
what are the 2 things largely responsible for the osmotic gradient that concentrates urine?
-cooperative action -precise arrangement of the loops of henle and collecting ducts
65
what 2 solutes contribute to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid? what does this cause?
-NaCl + urea -causes water reabsorption in the kidney which concentrates urine
66
what leaves the proximal tubule?
-HCO3 -NaCl -K+ -water -nutrients
67
what enters the proximal tubule?
-H+ -NH3
68
what leaves the descending loop of henle?
-water
69
what leaves the ascending loop of henle?
-NaCl
69
what leaves the distal tubule?
-NaCl -HC03 -water
70
what enters the distal tubule?
-K+ -H+
71
what leaves the collecting duct?
-NaCl -urea -water
72
does the filtrates osmolarity change in the proximal tubule?
-no it remains the same
73
what helps maintain a high salt concentration in the kidney? what does it allow?
-the countercurrent multiplier system in the loop of henle -allows the vasa recta to supply the kidney with nutrients while not affecting the osmolarity gradient
74
what are the vasa recta?
-branches of terminal arteries
75
how is the ascending loop of henle able to perform active transport?
-considerable amount of energy is expended to maintain the osmolarity gradient between the medulla and the cortex
76
what will be related to the osmoregulation requirements in an animals habitat?
-the form and function of the animals nephrons (various vertebrate classes)
77
what type of nephrons are present in mammals?
-juxtamedullary nephron
78
what type of effect does the juxtamedullary nephron have? what does it contribute to? give an example.
-urine concentrating effect -contributes to water conservation -desert animals have loops extending deep into the medulla as they have the most hyperosmotic urine (to conserve water)
79
how do long loops of henle help animals?
-long loops maintain steep gradients
80
how do the lengths of loops in dry environment animals relate to the length of loops in freshwater environment animals?
-dry environment animals have long loops -freshwater environment animals have short loops
81
how do birds conserve water?
-have shorter loops, but excrete uric acid (paste) instead of urea to conserve water
82
what kind of nephrons do most reptiles have? how do they conserve water?
-cortical nephrons -water is reabsorbed by epithelium in the chamber where urine and feces exits the body -also excrete nitrogenous waste as uric acid
83
how do freshwater fishes conserve salt?
-conserve salt in their distal tubules -excrete large volumes of dilute urine b/c they must excrete excess water continuously
84
how is the kidney function of amphibians?
-similar to freshwater fishes -conserve water on land by reabsorbing water from the urinary bladder
85
how do marine bony fishes function in osmoregulation?
-gain excess salts from surrounding causing them to lose water -hypoosmotic to their environment -excrete little urine -smaller nephrons without a distal tubule

BIOL1030 (11 decks)

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